Year 11 CAIE Physics: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 11 CAIE 物理词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 CAIE Physics: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 11 CAIE 物理词汇术语速记指南

In CAIE Year 11 Physics, a strong command of scientific terminology does more than help you answer definition questions. It sharpens your problem-solving skills by allowing you to instantly decode command words, identify the right formula, and structure your explanations precisely. This guide breaks down essential vocabulary topic by topic, with memory hooks and clarifications of easily confused pairs. We use only the official CAIE definitions, paired with plain-English explanations and Chinese translations to lock in your understanding.

在 CAIE Year 11 物理中，扎实掌握科学术语不仅能帮你答好定义题。它让你能够立刻破解指令词、识别正确公式并精确组织解释，从而大幅提升解题能力。这本指南按主题梳理必背词汇，搭配记忆诀窍和易混淆词的辨析。我们只采用 CAIE 官方定义，辅以通俗易懂的英文解释和中文翻译，帮助你牢牢记住每个概念。

1. Mechanics and Motion Vocabulary | 力学与运动术语

Displacement is a vector quantity that measures the shortest straight-line distance from an object’s initial position to its final position, together with a direction. If a cyclist completes a 100 m oval and returns to the start, her displacement is 0 m, while the distance travelled is 100 m. The standard unit is the metre (m). Distance, by contrast, is a scalar that only tells you how much ground has been covered, ignoring direction.

位移是矢量，测量物体从初始位置到最终位置的最短直线距离，并标明方向。如果一名自行车骑手绕 100 m 椭圆赛道骑完一圈回到起点，她的位移是 0 m，而经过的距离是 100 m。标准单位是米（m）。距离则是标量，只关心物体走过了多少路程，与方向无关。

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement: v = Δs / Δt. It is a vector, so an object moving in a circle at constant speed still has a continuously changing velocity because its direction changes. Speed is the scalar rate of change of distance and has no direction. Remember the v in Velocity stands for Vector.

速度是位移的变化率：v = Δs / Δt。它是矢量，因此一个物体以恒定速率做圆周运动时，其速度仍在不断改变，因为方向在变。速率是标量的距离变化率，没有方向。记住 Velocity 中的 v 代表 Vector（矢量）。

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = Δv / Δt. It is also a vector. A negative acceleration is often called deceleration or retardation. Near the Earth’s surface, free-falling objects accelerate at g ≈ 9.8 m/s². Think of accelerator: it changes your velocity, not just speed, whenever you turn the steering wheel.

加速度是速度的变化率：a = Δv / Δt。它也是矢量。负加速度通常叫做减速。在地球表面附近，自由落体物体以 g ≈ 9.8 m/s² 加速。联想汽车油门（accelerator）：只要你转动方向盘，它改变的就不只是速率，而是速度。

Mass is a scalar measure of the amount of matter in a body, measured in kilograms (kg). It stays the same everywhere. Weight is the gravitational force on that mass, a vector given by W = m × g, measured in newtons (N). A common mix-up: asking “How much do you weigh?” technically asks for weight, not mass. Mnemonic: Mass is Matter, Weight is a Force.

质量是标量，衡量物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克（kg），且在任何地方保持不变。重量是作用在该质量上的重力，是矢量，用 W = m × g 计算，单位为牛顿（N）。常见混淆：日常生活中问“你体重多少”实则在问质量。记忆口诀：Mass 看 Matter（物质），Weight 是 Force（力）。

When several forces act on an object, the resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as all of them combined. If the resultant force is zero, the object is in equilibrium and its motion does not change (Newton’s First Law). Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion; the larger the mass, the larger the inertia.

多个力作用在物体上时，合力是那个与所有这些力作用效果相同的单一力。若合力为零，物体处于平衡状态，运动状态不变（牛顿第一定律）。惯性是物体抗拒运动状态改变的性质；质量越大，惯性越大。

2. Energy, Work, and Power Terminology | 能量、功与功率术语

Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy a body possesses because of its motion. It is calculated by KE = ½ × m × v². Notice that doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy. Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is energy stored due to an object’s height: GPE = m × g × h. ‘Potential’ signals stored, ready-to-be-released energy.

动能（KE）是物体由于运动而具有的能量，计算式 KE = ½ × m × v²。注意，速率翻倍时动能变为原来的四倍。重力势能（GPE）是因高度而储存的能量：GPE = m × g × h。’Potential’ 一词暗示这是储存起来、随时可释放的能量。

Work done is the transfer of energy when a force moves an object. It is calculated by W = F × d, where d is the distance moved in the direction of the force. The unit is the joule (J). If you push against a wall and it does not move, no work is done on the wall in the physics sense, however tiring it feels.

做功是力使物体移动时发生的能量转移，计算公式 W = F × d，d 是沿力方向移动的距离，单位是焦耳（J）。如果你用力推墙而墙未移动，从物理意义上说你对墙没有做功，尽管感觉很累。

Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of energy transfer: P = W / t or P = E / t. The unit is the watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s. A more powerful engine transfers the same amount of energy in less time. Efficiency tells you how much of the input energy is converted to useful output: Efficiency = (

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