📚 Year 12 CIE Physics: Quick Reference Formula & Theorem Handbook | CIE 物理 Year 12 公式定理速查手册
This comprehensive quick-reference handbook provides essential formulas and theorems for the Year 12 CIE AS Physics course, presented in a clear bilingual format for memorisation and exam preparation. Each entry couples the English explanation with its equivalent Chinese translation to reinforce understanding.
这份速查手册涵盖 Year 12 CIE AS 物理课程的核心公式和定理，以清晰的双语形式呈现，便于记忆和备考。每条公式均配有中英双语说明，帮助加深理解。
1. SI Units, Prefixes & Base Quantities | 国际单位制、词头与基本量
| Formula / Concept | Description / 解释 |
|---|---|
| Base quantities (mass, length, time, current, temperature, amount of substance, luminous intensity) | Seven fundamental physical quantities with corresponding SI base units (kg, m, s, A, K, mol, cd). / 七个基本物理量，对应国际单位制基本单位。 |
| Prefixes: T (10¹²), G (10⁹), M (10⁶), k (10³), d (10⁻¹), c (10⁻²), m (10⁻³), µ (10⁻⁶), n (10⁻⁹), p (10⁻¹²) | Common SI prefixes used to express large or small numbers. / 常用SI词头，用于表示很大或很小的数值。 |
| Derived units: e.g., N = kg m s⁻², J = N m = kg m² s⁻² | All other units are derived from the base units. / 所有其他单位均由基本单位导出。 |
| Homogeneity of equations: each term must have the same base units. | Equation is dimensionally correct if base units match on both sides. / 方程两边每一项的基本单位必须一致，称为量纲一致。 |
2. Kinematics | 运动学
| Formula | Description / 解释 |
|---|---|
| v = u + at | Velocity-time relation for constant acceleration / 匀加速度速度-时间关系 |
| s = ut + ½at² | Displacement with uniform acceleration / 匀加速位移公式 |
| v² = u² + 2as | Velocity-displacement relation / 速度-位移关系 |
| s = ½(u+v)t | Average velocity displacement / 平均速度位移公式 |
| Free fall: a = g = 9.81 m s⁻² | Acceleration due to gravity near Earth’s surface / 地表重力加速度 |
3. Dynamics & Newton’s Laws | 动力学与牛顿定律
| Formula | Description / 解释 |
|---|---|
| F = ma | Newton’s second law: net force = mass × acceleration / 牛顿第二定律：合外力 = 质量 × 加速度 |
| W = mg | Weight = mass × gravitational field strength / 重力 = 质量 × 重力场强 |
| Net force zero → body at rest or uniform motion (1st law) | First law: if net external force is zero, velocity remains constant. / 第一定律：合外力为零时，物体静止或匀速直线运动。 |
| F₁₂ = −F₂₁ | Third law: action and reaction are equal and opposite. / 第三定律：作用力与反作用力等大反向。 |
4. Energy, Work & Power | 能量、功与功率
| Formula | Description / 解释 |
|---|---|
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