Year 12 OCR Philosophy: Formulae & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | OCR 12年级哲学：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 12 OCR Philosophy: Formulae & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | OCR 12年级哲学：公式定理速查手册

In mathematics and the sciences, a formula is a concise way to express a relationship, and a theorem is a proven proposition. In philosophy, we also work with structured patterns of reasoning and foundational principles—our own ‘formulae’ and ‘theorems’. This handbook collects the essential logical forms, argument blueprints, and core philosophical principles you will encounter throughout your OCR Year 12 course, presented as a quick-reference guide to sharpen your analysis and essay writing.

在数学和科学中，公式是表达关系的简洁方式，定理是经过证明的命题。在哲学中，我们同样使用结构化的推理模式和基本原则——这些就是哲学自己的“公式”和“定理”。本手册汇集了你在OCR12年级课程中会遇到的基本逻辑形式、论证蓝图和核心哲学原则，以速查指南的形式呈现，帮助你提升分析和论文写作能力。

1. Valid Deductive Argument Forms | 有效演绎论证形式

A valid deductive argument is one where, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. The following are the most common forms you will use to analyse and build philosophical arguments.

一个有效的演绎论证是指，如果前提为真，那么结论必然为真。以下是你将用来分析和构建哲学论证的最常见形式。

Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent): If P then Q; P is true; therefore, Q is true.

肯定前件式：如果P则Q；P为真；因此，Q为真。

P → Q, P ⊢ Q

Modus Tollens (Denying the Consequent): If P then Q; Q is false; therefore, P is false.

否定后件式：如果P则Q；Q为假；因此，P为假。

P → Q, ¬Q ⊢ ¬P

Hypothetical Syllogism: If P then Q; if Q then R; therefore, if P then R.

假言三段论：如果P则Q；如果Q则R；因此，如果P则R。

P → Q, Q → R ⊢ P → R

Disjunctive Syllogism: Either P or Q; not P; therefore, Q.

选言三段论：要么P要么Q；非P；因此，Q。

P ∨ Q, ¬P ⊢ Q

2. Invalid Deductive Forms & Fallacies | 无效演绎形式与谬误

Recognising invalid argument patterns is just as important as knowing the valid ones. The following fallacies often appear disguised in philosophical writing.

识别无效的论证模式与了解有效模式同样重要。以下谬误经常伪装在哲学写作中出现。

Affirming the Consequent: If P then Q; Q is true; therefore, P is true. This is invalid because Q could be true for other reasons.

肯定后件：如果P则Q；Q为真；因此，P为真。这是无效的，因为Q可能由于其他原因而为真。

P → Q, Q ⊬ P

Denying the Antecedent: If P then Q; P is false; therefore, Q is false. Q might

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