📚 Essential Philosophical Terminology for Year 12 CCEA: A Quick Memorisation Guide | 速记 CCEA 12 年级哲学术语指南
Mastering philosophical terminology is essential for success in your Year 12 CCEA Philosophy exam. This guide breaks down key terms across the most frequently examined topics, providing clever mnemonics, word-root analysis, and memorable associations to help you recall definitions quickly and accurately. Use these memory aids not only to define terms but also to build deeper understanding when evaluating arguments.
掌握哲学术语是通过 CCEA 12 年级哲学考试的关键。本指南解析了常考主题中的核心术语，并提供了巧妙的速记法、词根分析和难忘的联想，帮助您快速准确地回忆定义。请用这些记忆方法不仅来定义术语，还要在评价论证时构建更深刻的理解。
1. Arguments for God’s Existence | 上帝存在的论证
When studying religious philosophy, you must be clear about the three classical arguments for God’s existence: the ontological, cosmological, and teleological. Here we begin with the broader umbrella terms before diving deeper.
在研究宗教哲学时，您必须清晰地区分上帝存在的三个经典论证：本体论、宇宙论和目的论。这里我们先从宏观术语入手，再深入细节。
Ontological Argument: An argument that claims God’s existence can be deduced from the very concept of a perfect being. Mnemonic: “Onto” sounds like “onto the definition” – you reason from the definition alone, no experience needed.
本体论论证：主张从“完美存在者”的概念本身就可以推导出上帝存在的论证。速记：“Onto” 发音像“onto the definition”（靠向定义），您只需从定义出发推理，无需经验。
Cosmological Argument: An argument that moves from the existence of the cosmos (universe) to the necessity of a first cause. Mnemonic: “Cosmo” = universe, “logic” = reasoning, so it is reasoning about the universe’s origin.
宇宙论论证：从宇宙的存在推导出第一因之必然性的论证。速记：“Cosmo” 意为宇宙，“logic” 意为推理，因此它是关于宇宙起源的推理。
Teleological Argument: Also known as the design argument, it infers an intelligent designer from the apparent order and purpose in the world. Mnemonic: “Tele” = purpose (think television – seeing something with a purpose), “logos” = study, so the study of purpose.
目的论论证：又称设计论证，从世界明显的秩序与目的中推断出智能设计者。速记：“Tele” 指目的（想想“电视” – 有目的地观看），“logos” 指研究，因此是研究目的的学科。
2. The Cosmological Argument in Detail | 宇宙论论证详解
The cosmological argument family includes several versions. You need to remember the distinct terminology used by Aquinas and the Kalam version, along with the philosophical problems they raise.
宇宙论论证家族包含多个版本。您需要记住阿奎那和卡拉姆版本所用的特定术语，以及它们引发的哲学难题。
First Cause: The uncaused cause that started the chain of causation. Mnemonic: Imagine a line of dominoes – someone must push the first one.
第一因：开启了因果链条的未被引起的原因。速记：想象一排多米诺骨牌 – 必须有人推倒第一张。
Infinite Regress: The notion that there is no first cause because the chain of causes goes back forever. Mnemonic: “Regress” like “regression” or “endless rewind button” – impossible to press play.
无限回溯：由于因果链条无限延伸，因此不存在第一因的想法。速记：“Regress” 像“regression”（回归），或“无尽的倒带键” – 无法按下播放。
Necessary Being: A being that cannot fail to exist and depends on nothing else. Mnemonic: “Necessary” like oxygen – you cannot live without it; God cannot not exist.
必然存在：一种不可能不存在、且不依赖任何他物的存在者。速记：“Necessary” 像氧气一样 – 你离不开它；上帝不能不存在。
Kalam Cosmological Argument: The version that insists everything that begins to exist has a cause, and since the universe began to exist, it has a cause. Mnemonic: “Kalam” rhymes with “column” – think of a column supporting the beginning of the universe.
卡拉姆宇宙论论证：这个版本坚持一切开始存在的事物都有原因，既然宇宙开始存在，那么它就有原因。速记：“Kalam” 押韵“column”（柱子）– 想象一根柱子支撑着宇宙的开端。
3. The Teleological Argument in Detail | 目的论论证详解
Familiarise yourself with the analogies and concepts that shape the design argument. These terms often appear in exam questions asking you to compare Paley with Hume or the anthropic principle.
熟悉构成设计论证的那些类比和概念。这些术语常出现在要求您比较佩利与休谟或人择原理的考题中。
Paley’s Watchmaker Analogy: If you find a watch, its complexity implies a watchmaker; likewise, the world’s complexity implies a divine designer. Mnemonic: “Watch” the world → It needs a maker.
佩利的手表类比：如果您发现一块手表，它的复杂性意味着有位制表师；同样，世界的复杂性意味着有神圣设计者。速记：“Watch”（注视）世界 → 它需要制作者。
Anthropic Principle: The observation that the universe’s physical constants appear fine-tuned for human life. Mnemonic: “Anthropic” sounds like “anthropology” – study of humans; the universe is arranged for humans.
人择原理：宇宙的物理常数似乎为人类生命精确调谐的观察。速记：“Anthropic” 像“anthropology”（人类学）– 人类的研究；宇宙为人类而设。
Natural Selection: Darwin’s alternative to design, explaining apparent purpose through blind evolution. Mnemonic: “Natural” forces, not design, do the “selection”.
自然选择：达尔文提出的设计替代方案，用盲目的进化解释表面的目的。速记：“Natural”（自然的）力量，而非设计，完成了“选择”。
Ockham’s Razor: The principle that simpler explanations should be preferred; the design argument may multiply entities unnecessarily. Mnemonic: “Razor” cuts away unnecessary assumptions.
奥卡姆剃刀：应当偏爱较简单解释的原则；设计论证可能不必要地增加了实体。速记：“剃刀” 切除不必要的假设。
4. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
The logical and evidential problem of evil challenges the coherence of theism. Learn the exact phrasing of the inconsistent triad and the theodicies that attempt to resolve the tension.
逻辑及证据的恶的问题挑战着有神论的一致性。请学习不相容三元组的确切表述，以及试图化解张力的神正论。
Inconsistent Triad: The set of three propositions – God is omnipotent, God is wholly good, and evil exists – that appear incompatible. Mnemonic: Think of a triangle that cannot stand because the three corners push apart.
不相容三元组：三个命题 – 上帝全能、上帝全善、恶存在 – 看似不能同时成立的集合。速记：想象一个三角形因三个角互相排斥而无法站立。
Theodicy: A defence of God’s justice in the face of evil. Mnemonic: “Theo” = God, “dicy” from Greek “dike” = justice; God’s justice.
神正论：面对恶时为上帝的正义辩护的学说。速记：“Theo” = 上帝，“dicy” 来自希腊语“dike” = 正义；即上帝的正义。
Augustinian Theodicy: Evil as privation of good, stemming from the fall of angels and humans. Mnemonic: “August” like high summer – before the fall, everything was perfect.
奥古斯丁神正论：恶是善的缺乏，源于天使和人类的堕落。速记：“August” 像盛夏 – 在堕落之前一切完美。
Irenaean Theodicy: Evil as a tool for soul-making and growth towards perfection. Mnemonic: “Irenaean” sounds like “iron” – evil strengthens the soul like iron.
爱任纽神正论：恶是塑造灵魂、迈向完美的工具。速记：“Irenaean” 发音像“iron”（铁）– 恶如铁般锻造灵魂。
5. Miracles | 神迹
Definitions of miracle and the challenges posed by Hume become much easier when you grasp the key vocabulary. Remember to distinguish between realist and anti-realist understandings.
当您掌握关键词汇后，神迹的定义和休谟提出的挑战会变得容易得多。请记得区分实在论和反实在论的理解。
Violation of Natural Law: Hume’s definition – a miracle is a transgression of a law of nature. Mnemonic: Natural laws are like traffic laws; a miracle is running a red light and no accident occurs.
自然律的违反：休谟的定义 – 神迹是对自然法则的逾越。速记：自然法则如同交通规则；神迹就是闯红灯却没有发生事故。
Hume’s Practical Argument: It is always more probable that the testimony is mistaken than that a miracle occurred. Mnemonic: “Probable” implies check the likelihood – extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
休谟的实践论证：证词出错的可能性总是高于神迹发生的可能性。速记：“Probable”（可能性） – 核对可能性，非凡的主张需要非凡的证据。
Contingency Miracle: A miracle understood as an extraordinary coincidence that carries religious meaning. Mnemonic: “Contingency” sounds like “coincidence” – meaningful timing.
偶然性神迹：理解为承载宗教意义的非凡巧合的神迹。速记：“Contingency” 听起来像“coincidence”（巧合）– 有意义的时机。
Anti-realism: The view that miracles are not objective events but personal interpretations. Mnemonic: Anti-real = not a real event, just a real feeling.
反实在论：认为神迹并非客观事件，而是个人解读的观点。速记：反实在 = 并非真实事件，只是真实感受。
6. Religious Experience | 宗教体验
Religious experience can be categorized and evaluated using specific descriptive terms. Examiners look for accurate use of William James’s criteria and Otto’s numinous.
宗教体验可以用特定的描述性术语进行分类和评价。考官期望看到您准确使用威廉·詹姆士的判准和奥托的“神圣者”。
Numinous: Otto’s term for the awe-inspiring, mysterious presence of the divine. Mnemonic: “Numinous” contains “num” like “luminous” – a glowing, awe-filled light.
神圣者：奥托描述那种令人敬畏、神秘的上帝临在的术语。速记：“Numinous” 含“num”像“luminous”（发光的）– 一种发光、充满敬畏的光。
Noetic Quality: The mystical experience involves profound knowledge or insight. Mnemonic: “Noetic” from “nous” = mind; you gain deep mental understanding.
理智性：神秘经验包含深刻的知识或洞见。速记：“Noetic” 来自“nous” = 心智；您获得了深层的精神理解。
Pragmatic Justification: James’s view that religious experiences are validated by their positive fruits. Mnemonic: “Pragmatic” like practical – judging by practical outcomes.
实用主义辩护：詹姆士认为宗教体验由其积极效果得到验证的观点。速记：“Pragmatic” 像“practical”（实践的）– 根据实际结果判断。
Credulity Principle: Swinburne suggests we should believe our experiences unless we have good reason to doubt them. Mnemonic: “Credulity” contains “cred” = believe; an innocent-belief assumption.
轻信原则：斯温伯恩主张，除非有充分理由怀疑，否则我们应当相信我们的体验。速记：“Credulity” 包含“cred” = 相信；一种单纯信任的假定。
7. Introduction to Ethical Terms | 伦理学术语导论
Before digging into specific ethical theories, solidify your grasp of foundational concepts like absolutism, relativism, and the distinction between descriptive and normative ethics.
在深入具体的伦理理论之前，请巩固您对绝对主义、相对主义以及描述伦理与规范伦理之间区别等基础概念的掌握。
Absolutism: The view that there are fixed, universal moral principles that apply regardless of context. Mnemonic: “Absolute” like absolute zero – unchanging and final.
绝对主义：认为存在固定、普遍的道德原则，不受环境影响的观点。速记：“Absolute” 像绝对零度 – 不变且终极。
Relativism: The belief that moral truth is dependent on culture, society, or individual perspective. Mnemonic: “Relative” – related to a specific point of view.
相对主义：认为道德真理取决于文化、社会或个人视角的信念。速记：“Relative”（相对的）– 与特定视角相关。
Descriptive Ethics: The study of what people believe is right or wrong without making judgments. Mnemonic: “Describe” – just describe, don’t prescribe.
描述伦理学：研究人们相信什么是对错，而不做判断的学科。速记：“Describe”（描述） – 只描述，不规定。
Normative Ethics: The branch that sets out how people ought to act. Mnemonic: “Norm” as in normal or standard – setting the standard for right action.
规范伦理学：规定人们应当如何行动的分支。速记：“Norm”（规范）– 设定正确行动的标准。
8. Utilitarianism | 功利主义
Utilitarian terminology can feel technical, but breaking down the words reveals simple ideas. Focus on Bentham’s hedonic calculus and Mill’s harm principle.
功利主义术语可能感觉技术性强，但拆解字词就能揭示简单思想。请重点关注边沁的快乐计算和密尔的伤害原则。
Principle of Utility: The greatest happiness for the greatest number. Mnemonic: “Utility” sounds like “utility” in “utility bill” – measuring what is useful; happiness is the currency.
功利原则：最大多数人的最大幸福。速记：“Utility” 听起来像水电费账单中的“utility”（效用） – 衡量什么是有用的；幸福是通货。
Hedonic Calculus: Bentham’s seven-factor method for quantifying pleasure. Mnemonic: Think of a “hedonist” with a “calculator” – he calculates pleasure in units.
快乐计算：边沁量化快乐的七因素方法。速记：想象一个“享乐主义者”拿着“计算器” – 他以单位计算快乐。
Higher and Lower Pleasures: Mill distinguishes intellectual pleasures from bodily ones. Mnemonic: “Higher” pleasures soar like a kite; “lower” pleasures crawl like a pig.
高级快乐与低级快乐：密尔区分了理智快乐与身体快乐。速记：“高级”快乐像风筝飞翔；“低级”快乐像猪爬行。
Act vs Rule Utilitarianism: Act focuses on individual actions; rule on following rules that maximise happiness. Mnemonic: Act on one action; Rule on Rules that rule.
行为功利主义与规则功利主义：行为功利主义关注单个行为；规则功利主义关注能最大化幸福的规则。速记：Act on one action; Rule on Rules that rule.
9. Kantian Deontology | 康德义务论
Kant’s ethical language is rooted in duty and reason. Once you connect the German-inspired terms to everyday ideas of universal rules and respect, they become much less intimidating.
康德的伦理语言根植于义务和理性。一旦您将这些带有德语来源的术语与普遍规则和尊重的日常观念联系起来，它们就会变得不那么令人生畏。
Good Will: The only thing good without qualification; the intention to do one’s duty. Mnemonic: A “good will” is a will full of goodness, not just good outcomes.
善良意志：唯一无条件的善；履行义务的意向。速记：“善良意志”是充满善的意志，而不只是良好的结果。
Categorical Imperative: An unconditional command of morality, such as “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” Mnemonic: “Categorical” = absolute, “imperative” = command – like a moral law that allows no exceptions.
绝对命令：无条件的道德命令，例如“只按照你同时愿意其成为普遍法则的准则去行动”。速记：“Categorical”（绝对的）= 绝对，“imperative”（命令）= 命令 – 就像一个不容破例的道德法则。
Maxim: The principle or rule upon which you act. Mnemonic: A “maxim” sounds like “maximum” – the rule you maximise in your mind before acting.
准则：您行动所依据的原则或规则。速记：“Maxim” 听起来像“maximum”（最大化）– 行动前在心中最大化的规则。
Means to an End: Using someone merely as a tool. The second formulation forbids treating persons solely as means. Mnemonic: “Means” is the bus you take to reach an “end” – don’t turn people into buses.
手段而非目的：仅仅将某人当作工具。第二公式禁止将人仅当作手段。速记：“Means”（手段）是您抵达“目的”的公交 – 不要把人变成公交车。
10. Natural Law | 自然法
Aquinas’s natural law theory is built on a clear hierarchy of laws and precepts. The vocabulary often confuses students, so use word-picture associations to keep terms like “synderesis” manageable.
阿奎那的自然法理论建立在明确的法律和规条层次上。这些词汇常使学生困惑，因此请使用字-图联想来驾驭诸如“synderesis”之类的术语。
Synderesis: The innate human capacity to grasp the first principle of natural law: do good and avoid evil. Mnemonic: “Syn” like “synapse” – it’s a built-in moral reflex.
Synderesis：人类天生把握自然法第一原则的能力：行善，避恶。速记：“Syn” 像“synapse”（神经突触）– 它是内置的道德反射。
Primary Precepts: The five fundamental purposes: preserve life, reproduce, educate, live in society, worship God. Mnemonic: Remember “PREW” – Preserve, Reproduce, Educate, Worship.
首要规条：五个根本目的：保全生命、繁衍、教育、社会生活、敬拜上帝。速记：记住“PREW” – Preserve, Reproduce, Educate, Worship。
Secondary Precepts: Specific rules derived from primary precepts. Mnemonic: Primary = pillars, secondary = the bricks you lay upon them.
次要规条：从首要规条推导出的具体规则。速记：首要 = 柱子，次要 = 铺在柱子上的砖块。
Double Effect: The principle that an action causing a bad effect is permissible if the intention is only the good effect. Mnemonic: One action, two outcomes; you aim only at the good one.
双重效果：如果行动意向只为好效果，那么造成坏效果的行为可以被允许的原则。速记：一个行动，两种结果；您只
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