Year 12 AQA Sociology: Core Knowledge Points Review | Year 12 AQA 社会学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 12 AQA Sociology: Core Knowledge Points Review | Year 12 AQA 社会学：核心知识点梳理

Welcome to the comprehensive review of key concepts for Year 12 AQA Sociology. This article covers the essential knowledge across education, families and households, theory and methods, providing a bilingual revision guide to support your studies.

欢迎阅读 Year 12 AQA 社会学校心知识点综述。本文涵盖了教育、家庭与住户、理论与方法等关键领域，为您提供中英双语复习指南，助力备考。

1. Sociological Perspectives | 社会学视角

Functionalism argues that society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Emile Durkheim introduced the concept of social facts and collective conscience; Talcott Parsons developed the organic analogy, comparing society to a biological organism with interconnected institutions.

功能主义认为社会是一个由相互协调的各个部分组成的复杂系统，共同促进团结与稳定。爱米尔·涂尔干提出了社会事实和集体意识的概念；塔尔科特·帕森斯发展了有机体类比，将社会比作相互依赖的器官系统。

Marxism sees society as divided by class conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers). According to Marx, the economic base shapes the superstructure, including education, family and media, which maintain capitalist ideology.

马克思主义视社会为阶级冲突的场所，资产阶级（生产资料所有者）与无产阶级（劳动者）对立。马克思认为经济基础决定上层建筑，教育、家庭和媒体等维护资本主义意识形态。

Feminism highlights gender inequality and patriarchy. Liberal feminists focus on legal and social reforms, while radical feminists argue that patriarchy is the root of all oppression and see the family as a key site of women’s subordination.

女性主义强调性别不平等和父权制。自由派女性主义侧重法律与社会改革，而激进女性主义则认为父权制是一切压迫的根源，并将家庭视为女性从属地位的关键场所。

Interactionism (or social action theory) focuses on micro-level interactions and meanings. Labelling theory, derived from interactionism, shows how individuals are defined and treated according to labels, influencing their self-concept and behaviour.

互动论（社会行动理论）关注微观层面的互动与意义。源自互动论的标签理论揭示了人们如何被定义和对待，从而影响其

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