Year 12 AQA Statistics: Key Terminology Quick Guide | 12 年级 AQA 统计：核心术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 AQA Statistics: Key Terminology Quick Guide | 12 年级 AQA 统计：核心术语速记指南

Mastering the vocabulary of Statistics is a vital first step towards exam success in AQA Year 12. This guide breaks down the key terms you’ll encounter, pairing clear definitions with memory aids to help you recall them quickly during revision and in the exam hall.

掌握统计学的词汇是 AQA 12 年级考试成功的关键第一步。本指南详细拆解你将遇到的核心术语，为每个概念提供清晰的定义和巧妙的记忆辅助，帮助你在复习和考试中精准快速地提取知识。

1. Types of Data | 数据类型

In statistics, data fall into two broad categories: qualitative (categorical) and quantitative (numerical). The type of data dictates which statistical techniques are appropriate.

在统计学中，数据分为两大类别：定性（分类）数据和定量（数值）数据。数据的类型决定了适合使用哪些统计分析方法。

Nominal data consist of categories with no natural order. Examples include hair colour, favourite sport, or nationalities. A memorable trick: NOminal = No Order.

名义数据由没有自然顺序的类别组成，例如发色、最喜欢的运动或国籍。记忆窍门：名义（Nominal）中的 ‘N’ 和 ‘O’ 代表 ‘No Order’（无顺序）。

Ordinal data have a meaningful order but the differences between values are not necessarily equal. Examples: education level (GCSE, A-Level, Degree) or a satisfaction rating. Think ORdinal = ORdered.

有序数据具有有意义的顺序，但值之间的差异不一定等距，例如教育水平（GCSE、A-水平、学位）或满意度评级。记忆：有序（Ordinal）的 ‘OR’ 开头代表 ‘ORdered’（有顺序）。

Discrete numerical data can only take certain values, usually whole numbers. Countable items like number of students or shoe sizes (limited set) are discrete. Link ‘discrete’ to ‘distinct and countable’.

离散数值数据只能取特定的值，通常是整数。如学生人数、鞋码（有限集合）都是离散的。将离散（discrete）联想到“distinct and countable”（可区分的、可数的）。

Continuous data can take any value within a given range, such as height, weight or time. You can measure them to any level of precision. The word ‘continuous’ hints at a continuum of infinite possibilities.

连续数据可以在给定范围内取任何值，例如身高、体重或时间。你可以以任意精度测量。连续（continuous）一词暗示着连续谱上无限的可能取值。

2. Populations and Samples | 总体与样本

A population is the entire group of individuals or objects that you are interested in studying. A sample is a subset of the population, chosen to represent it. The language used here must be precise.

总体是你感兴趣研究的全部个体或对象的集合。样本是从总体中选出的一个子集，用于代表总体。这里的术语必须使用精确。

A census attempts to collect data from every member of the population. While it gives the most accurate picture, it is usually time-consuming and expensive.

普查试图收集总体中每一个成员的数据。虽然能给出最准确的图景，但通常耗时且昂贵。

The sample frame is a list of all members of the population from which the sample is drawn. If the frame is not complete, the sample may be biased.

抽样框是总体中所有成员的名单，样本从此名单中抽取。如果抽样框不完整，样本可能产生偏差。

A sampling unit is each individual member of the population. The sampling fraction is the sample size n divided by the population size N.

总体中的每一个个体都是一个抽样单位。抽样比是样本容量 n 除以总体容量 N。

A parameter is a numerical characteristic of a population (e.g. population mean μ). A statistic is a numerical characteristic of a sample (e.g. sample mean x̄). We use statistics to estimate parameters. Remember: Parameter = Population, Statistic = Sample.

参数是总体的数值特征（如总体均值 μ）。统计量是样本的数值特征（如样本均值 x̄）。我们用统计量来估计参数。记忆：Parameter 对应 Population，Statistic 对应 Sample（均以 ‘P’ 和 ‘S’ 开头）。

3. Measures of Central Tendency | 集中趋势的度量

These statistics describe the centre or typical value of a data set. The three main measures are the mean, median and mode.

这些统计量用来描述数据集中心或典型值。三种主要度量是均值、中

Published by TutorHao | Year 12 统计 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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