📚 Year 12 Cambridge Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialist vocabulary is essential for success in Cambridge International AS Level Physical Education. Whether you are analysing biomechanical principles, explaining physiological responses, or evaluating psychological strategies, precise terminology demonstrates depth of understanding. This quick-reference guide breaks down key terms from the syllabus into memorable definitions paired with memory aids, helping you build confidence for both written papers and practical coursework.
掌握专业词汇对于剑桥国际AS Level体育课程的成功至关重要。无论你是在分析生物力学原理、解释生理反应还是评估心理学策略，准确的术语都能体现理解的深度。本速记指南将教学大纲中的关键术语拆解为易记的定义，并附上记忆辅助，帮助你在笔试和实践作业中建立信心。
1. Biomechanics and Motion | 生物力学与运动学
Velocity: The rate of change of displacement, including direction; a vector quantity measured in metres per second (m/s).
速度：位移的变化率，包含方向；矢量，单位米每秒。记忆：速度始终有方向，想象一个带箭头的标尺。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity; can be positive (speeding up) or negative (deceleration).
加速度：速度的变化率；可正（加速）可负（减速）。联想：踩油门时速度增加，加速度为正。
Momentum: The product of mass and velocity (p = m × v); a vector quantity conserved in collisions.
动量：质量与速度的乘积（p = m × v）；碰撞中守恒的矢量。记忆：质量大的物体动量更大，更难停下。
Centre of Mass: The point where the mass of a body is concentrated; the balance point.
质心：物体质量集中的点；平衡点。在空心球体中，质心在球心。
Projectile Motion: The curved path of an object in the air under the influence of gravity and air resistance, with horizontal and vertical components.
抛体运动：物体在空中受重力和空气阻力作用的曲线轨迹，具有水平和垂直分量。投掷铁饼时可分解为这两部分。
Levers – First Class: Fulcrum lies between effort and load (e.g., neck joint, see-saw). Mechanical advantage can be greater, less than, or equal to 1.
第一类杠杆：支点在力和负荷之间（如颈部关节、跷跷板）。机械利益可大于、小于或等于1。
2. Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System | 解剖与肌肉骨骼系统
Agonist (Prime Mover): The muscle that contracts concentrically to create movement at a joint.
主动肌（原动肌）：向心收缩产生关节运动的肌肉。例如做臂弯举时肱二头肌是主动肌。
Antagonist: The muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow movement, opposing the agonist.
拮抗肌：放松并拉长以允许运动的肌肉，与主动肌作用相反。臂弯举时肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
Isotonic Contraction – Concentric: Muscle shortens under tension, e.g., lifting phase of bicep curl.
等张收缩—向心：肌肉在张力下缩短，如弯举的举起阶段。
Isotonic Contraction – Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under tension, e.g., lowering phase; crucial for deceleration and muscle damage repair.
等张收缩—离心：肌肉在张力下伸长，如下放阶段；对减速和肌肉损伤修复至关重要。
Motor Unit: A motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates; the functional unit of muscular contraction. Fine movements have small motor units.
运动单位：一个运动神经元及其支配的全部肌纤维；肌肉收缩的功能单位。精细动作的运动单位小。
Sliding Filament Theory: Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, forming cross-bridges, powered by ATP hydrolysis, causing sarcomere shortening.
肌丝滑动学说：肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白丝利用ATP水解释放的能量形成横桥并相互滑动，导致肌节缩短。
3. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems | 心血管与呼吸系统
Heart Rate (HR): Number of cardiac cycles per minute (bpm); regulated by the sinoatrial node and autonomic nervous system.
心率（HR）：每分钟心脏搏动次数；受窦房结和自主神经系统调控。
Stroke Volume (SV): Volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat (ml/beat); increases with training due to cardiac hypertrophy.
每搏输出量（SV）：左心室每次搏动射出的血量（毫升/搏）；训练可因心肌肥大而提高。
Cardiac Output (Q): The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute: Q = HR × SV.
心输出量（Q）：心脏每分钟泵出的血量：心输出量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量。
VO₂ max: Maximum volume of oxygen the body can take up, transport, and utilise per minute; gold-standard measure of aerobic fitness.
最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）：身体每分钟能够摄取、运输和利用的最大氧气量；有氧能力黄金指标。
Oxygen Debt / EPOC: Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption; the additional oxygen required to restore the body to its resting state, clear lactate, and replenish ATP/PC stores.
氧债 / 运动后过量氧耗（EPOC）：恢复至静息状态、清除乳酸、补充ATP和磷酸肌酸储备所需的额外氧气。
Bohr Shift: A decrease in pH (more CO₂) causes haemoglobin to release oxygen more readily; rightward shift of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.
玻尔效应：pH 降低（CO₂增多）使血红蛋白更易释放氧气；氧合血红蛋白解离曲线右移。
4. Energy Systems | 能量系统
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The immediate energy currency for all cellular processes; stores energy in high-energy phosphate bonds.
ATP（三磷酸腺苷）：所有细胞过程的即时能量货币；高能磷酸键储存能量。
Phosphocreatine (PC): A compound stored in muscles used to rapidly resynthesise ATP during very high-intensity, short-duration efforts (2–10 seconds).
磷酸肌酸（PC）：储存在肌肉中的化合物，用于极高强度短时间（2–10秒）运动时迅速再合成ATP。
ATP-PC System: Anaerobic system providing energy for maximum-intensity bursts by breaking down PC; no oxygen required, very rapid, limited capacity.
ATP-PC 系统：通过分解磷酸肌酸提供能量的无氧系统，用于最大强度突发运动；无需氧气，速率极快，容量有限。
Anaerobic Glycolytic System: Breaks down glucose without oxygen to produce ATP and lactic acid; dominant in events lasting ~10–90 seconds.
无氧糖酵解系统：无需氧气分解葡萄糖产生ATP和乳酸；主导约10–90秒的运动。
Lactate Threshold: The exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood faster than it can be removed; a marker of endurance performance.
乳酸阈：乳酸开始在血液中积累的速度超过清除速度时的运动强度；耐力表现标志。
5. Skill Acquisition and Learning | 技能习得与学习
Skill: A learned, goal-directed, and consistently accurate action that combines perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes.
技能：习得的、目标导向且持续准确的动作，融合感知、认知和运动过程。
Open Skill: Performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must adapt to external factors (e.g., dribbling in football).
开放性技能：在不可预测、变化的环境中进行，操作者必须根据外部因素调整（如足球运球）。
Closed Skill: Performed in a stable, predictable environment; the performer can control timing and form (e.g., archery, free throw).
封闭性技能：在稳定可预测的环境中进行；操作者可控制时机和动作形式（如射箭、罚球）。
Motor Programme: A stored set of movement instructions in long-term memory that controls a well-learned skill; initiated as a whole.
运动程序：长时记忆中储存的一套支配熟练技能的运动指令；整体启动。
Feedback – Knowledge of Results (KR): External, terminal feedback about the outcome of an action (e.g., score, time).
反馈—结果知晓（KR）：关于动作结果的外部终端反馈（如得分、时间）。
Transfer of Learning – Proactive: A previously learned skill influences the acquisition of a new skill (e.g., overarm throw helps tennis serve).
学习迁移—前摄迁移：已学会的技能影响新技能的习得（如上手投球有助于网球发球）。
6. Sport Psychology | 运动心理学
Arousal: A physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli; ranges from deep sleep to intense excitement.
唤醒：生理和心理上对刺激警觉或反应的状态；范围从深睡眠到极度兴奋。
Inverted-U Theory: Performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point; beyond that, further arousal causes performance decline.
倒U型理论：表现随唤醒水平提高至最佳点，之后继续提高唤醒度会导致表现下降。
Drive Theory (Hull): Performance is a function of drive multiplied by habit strength (P = D × H); high arousal enhances well-learned skills but may impair complex ones.
驱力理论（赫尔）：表现 = 驱力 × 习惯强度（P = D × H）；高唤醒增强熟练
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