Year 12 CCEA Sociology: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 12 CCEA 社会学：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 12 CCEA Sociology: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 12 CCEA 社会学：公式定理速查手册

Sociology is not only about theories and essays; it also requires a firm grasp of quantitative methods and memorable theoretical models. This handbook presents essential statistical formulas used in CCEA Year 12 research methods alongside creative ‘theorems’ that capture key sociological ideas from functionalism, Marxism, feminism and interactionism. Use it to sharpen your data-analysis skills and to structure high-mark essay paragraphs.

社会学不仅仅是理论和论文，它同样需要对定量方法的牢固掌握以及易于记忆的理论模型。本手册呈现了 CCEA 12 年级研究方法中使用的关键统计公式，以及捕捉了功能主义、马克思主义、女性主义和互动论核心社会学思想的创造性“定理”。用它来强化你的数据分析技能，并构建高分的论文段落。

1. The Percentage Change Formula – Tracking Social Trends | 百分比变化公式—追踪社会趋势

Percentage change = ((New Value − Old Value) / Old Value) × 100. This formula is fundamental when analysing shifts in divorce rates, crime statistics or educational attainment data. CCEA exam papers regularly include tables that require you to calculate and comment on percentage increases or decreases.

百分比变化 = ((新值 − 旧值) / 旧值) × 100。在分析离婚率、犯罪统计或教育成就数据的变化时，这个公式至关重要。CCEA 试卷中经常包含要求你计算并评论百分比增减的表格。

For instance, if the number of women in full-time education rose from 250,000 to 300,000 over a decade, the percentage increase is ((300,000 − 250,000) / 250,000) × 100 = 20%. Always state the direction of change clearly and, where relevant, link it to sociological explanations such as the expansion of higher education or shifts in gender roles.

例如，如果全日制教育中的女性人数在十年间从 25 万增加到 30 万，增长百分比就是 ((300,000 − 250,000) / 250,000) × 100 = 20%。务必清晰说明变化方向，并在相关时将其与高等教育扩张或性别角色转变等社会学解释联系起来。

2. Measures of Central Tendency – Summarising Survey Data | 集中趋势量数—汇总调查数据

Sociologists use the mean (Σx / N), median (middle value when ordered) and mode (most frequent value) to summarise numerical data. The mean is easy to compute but is distorted by outliers; the median is more robust for skewed distributions, such as household wealth. The mode reveals the most typical category, for instance the most common family type in a survey.

社会学家使用均值（Σx / N）、中位数（排序后的中间值）和众数（最高频值）来汇总数值数据。均值容易计算但会被极端值扭曲；中位数对偏态分布（如家庭财富）更稳健。众数则揭示最典型的类别，例如调查中最常见的家庭类型。

Example: in a class of 15 students, weekly screen-time hours might be {6,7,8,8,9,10,12,12,12,14,15,15,18,20,35}. Mean ≈ 13.5 hrs; median = 12 hrs; mode = 12 hrs. Notice how the outlier 35 pulls the mean upwards. Using the median gives a better sense of ‘typical’ usage, a skill CCEA markers look for in methodology questions.

示例：在 15 名学生的班级中，每周屏幕时间（小时）可能是 {6,7,8,8,9,10,12,12,12,14,15,15,18,20,35}。均值 ≈ 13.5 小时，中位数 = 12 小时，众数 = 12 小时。注意极端值 35 如何拉高了均值。使用中位数能更好地反映“典型”使用量，这是 CCEA 评卷者在方法论问题中看重的技能。

3. Ratios and Rates – Making Comparisons Fair | 比率与率—公平比较

Crude birth rate = (Number of live births / Total population) × 1,000. Crime rate = (Number of recorded crimes / Total population) × 1,000. Dependency ratio = ((Population under 16 + population 65 and over) / Working-age population) × 100. Standardising data per 1,000 or per 100 people allows meaningful cross-national or historical comparisons.

粗出生率 = (活产婴儿数 /

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