Year 12 CIE Philosophy: Key Terminology Memory Guide | Year 12 CIE 哲学：核心术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 CIE Philosophy: Key Terminology Memory Guide | Year 12 CIE 哲学：核心术语速记指南

Mastering philosophical vocabulary is essential for success in Year 12 CIE Philosophy. This guide provides clear definitions of key terms across epistemology, ethics, mind, and more, along with memory hacks to help you recall them in exams. Use these dual-language explanations to strengthen your understanding and boost your confidence.

掌握哲学词汇是 Year 12 CIE 哲学考试成功的关键。本指南提供了认识论、伦理学、心灵哲学等核心术语的清晰定义，并附带记忆技巧，帮助你在考试中准确回忆。利用这些双语解释来加深理解，提升信心。

1. The Importance of Terminology in CIE Philosophy | 术语在 CIE 哲学中的重要性

In CIE Philosophy, precise terminology is not just jargon; it shapes your arguments and demonstrates depth of knowledge. Examiners look for accurate use of terms like ‘a priori’, ‘utilitarianism’, or ‘qualia’ to award top marks. A strong vocabulary helps you structure essays and critically evaluate theories.

在 CIE 哲学中，准确使用术语不仅仅是卖弄行话；它能塑造你的论证并展现知识深度。考官会关注你是否准确使用了“先验”、“功利主义”或“感受质”等术语来给出高分。扎实的词汇基础有助于你组织论文并批判性地评估理论。

This guide focuses on AS-level topics commonly tested: epistemology, ethics, philosophy of mind, free will, political philosophy, and philosophy of religion. Each term is broken down with a simple memory aid. By linking English and Chinese explanations, you reinforce dual-coding memory.

本指南聚焦于 AS 阶段常考主题：认识论、伦理学、心灵哲学、自由意志、政治哲学和宗教哲学。每个术语都附有简单的记忆助手。通过中英文解释的对照，你能强化双重编码记忆。

2. Core Epistemology Terms | 认识论核心术语

Knowledge as justified true belief (JTB): The traditional definition that you know something if you believe it, it is true, and you have justification for believing it. Later challenged by Gettier cases.

知识即确证的真信念 (JTB): 传统定义：你知道某事，如果你相信它、它是真的，并且你有理由相信它。后被葛梯尔反例所挑战。

Scepticism: The view that we cannot have certain knowledge. Global scepticism doubts all knowledge; local scepticism doubts specific areas like the external world.

怀疑论: 认为我们无法获得确定知识的观点。全域怀疑论怀疑所有知识；局部怀疑论怀疑特定领域，如外部世界。

Empiricism vs Rationalism: Empiricists claim knowledge comes primarily from sense experience (Locke, Hume); rationalists argue reason is the primary source (Descartes, Plato).

经验主义与理性主义: 经验主义者主张知识主要来源于感官经验（洛克、休谟）；理性主义者认为理性是首要来源（笛卡尔、柏拉图）。

A priori / A posteriori: A priori knowledge is independent of experience (e.g., 2+2=4); a posteriori knowledge depends on experience (e.g., the sky is blue).

先验 / 后验: 先验知识不依赖于经验（如 2+2=4）；后验知识依赖于经验（如天空是蓝色的）。

Analytic / Synthetic: Analytic statements are true by definition (e.g., ‘All bachelors are unmarried’); synthetic statements require verification through experience (e.g., ‘Snow is white’).

分析陈述 / 综合陈述: 分析陈述因定义而为真（如“所有单身汉都未婚”）；综合陈述需要通过经验来验证（如“雪是白的”）。

Direct realism & indirect realism: Direct realism says we perceive objects directly; indirect realism says we perceive sense-data that represent objects.

直接实在论与间接实在论: 直接实在论认为我们直接感知物体；间接实在论认为我们感知的是表征物体的感觉材料。

Foundationalism: Beliefs are justified by basic beliefs that need no further justification, forming a pyramid structure.

基础主义: 信念由无需进一步辩护的基础信念来辩护，形成金字塔结构。

Memory tip: JTB – Just Think Back; A priori – prior to experience; empiricism – ’empirical’ experiments. For scepticism, imagine a sceptical friend who doubts everything.

记忆窍门: JTB——“就想真对”；先验——先于经验；经验主义——联想“实验”。怀疑论想象一个处处怀疑的朋友。

3. Key Terms in Ethics | 伦理学关键术语

Utilitarianism: The moral theory that right actions maximize overall happiness or pleasure. Act utilitarianism evaluates each act; rule utilitarianism follows rules that maximize utility.

功利主义: 道德理论认为正确的行为是最大化总体幸福或快乐的行为。行为功利主义评估每个行为；规则功利主义遵循能最大化功利的规则。

Deontology (Kantian ethics): Duty-based ethics where actions are right if they follow a universal moral law, expressed in the Categorical Imperative: ‘Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.’

义务论（康德伦理学）: 基于责任的伦理学，行为正确与否取决于是否符合普遍道德法则，由绝对命令表述：“只依据那些你可以同时愿意它成为普遍法则的准则去行动。”

Virtue ethics: Focuses on character and virtues (courage

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