📚 Year 12 Edexcel Geography: Key Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Edexcel 地理 Year 12 关键术语速记指南
Mastering geography terminology is the foundation for high marks in Year 12 Edexcel. This guide groups essential terms by topic and pairs definitions with simple memory hooks so you can recall them confidently under exam conditions.
掌握地理术语是在 Edexcel Year 12 考试中取得高分的基础。本指南按主题汇总关键术语，并搭配简易的记忆线索，帮助你在考试中自信作答。
1. Tectonic Processes & Hazards: Crustal Terms | 板块构造与灾害：地壳术语
Lithosphere – the rigid outer layer of the Earth, made of the crust and uppermost mantle. Remember: ‘Litho’ = stone, ‘sphere’ = ball.
岩石圈 – 地球坚硬的外层，由地壳和上地幔顶部组成。记忆：’Litho’ = 石头，’sphere’ = 球体。
Asthenosphere – the semi-molten, ductile layer beneath the lithosphere on which tectonic plates float. Think: ‘astheno’ means weak – the weak layer that allows movement.
软流圈 – 位于岩石圈下方半熔融、具延展性的层，构造板块在此之上漂浮。联想：’astheno’ 意为虚弱，正是这薄弱层让板块得以移动。
Subduction – process where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another into the mantle. Memory aid: ‘sub’ = under, ‘duct’ = to lead – one plate leads under another.
俯冲 – 一个构造板块沉入另一板块下方进入地幔的过程。记忆法：’sub’ = 下方，’duct’ = 引导 —— 一个板块被引到另一个之下。
Sea-floor spreading – formation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges, which then slowly moves outward. Picture a conveyor belt spreading new floor.
海底扩张 – 洋中脊处新洋壳的形成，并缓慢向外移动。想象一条传送带铺开新海底。
Convection currents – circulation of magma in the mantle driven by heat from the core, causing plate movement. ‘Convection’ sounds like ‘convey’ – conveying heat.
对流 – 地幔中的岩浆由地核热量驱动循环流动，引起板块运动。’convection’ 音同 ‘convey’（传递）—— 传递热量。
2. Tectonic Hazards: Volcanoes & Earthquakes | 板块构造灾害：火山与地震
Shield volcano – a broad, gently sloping volcano built by fluid basaltic lava. Visualise a warrior’s shield lying flat – wide and low.
盾状火山 – 由流动性高的玄武岩熔岩形成、宽阔缓坡的火山。想象勇士的盾牌平放 —— 宽且低矮。
Stratovolcano – a steep, conical volcano made of alternating layers of ash and viscous lava. ‘Strata’ = layers – think of a layered cone.
复式火山 – 由火山灰和黏稠熔岩交替层叠而成的陡峭锥形火山。’Strata’ = 层 —— 想象分层的锥体。
Focus – the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates. Focus on the underground starting point.
震源 – 地球内部地震起始的点。’Focus’ 意为聚焦在地下起点。
Epicentre – the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus. ‘Epi’ = above – the centre above ground.
震中 – 震源正上方的地表点。’Epi’ 意为在……之上 —— 地面之上的中心。
Richter scale – a logarithmic scale measuring earthquake magnitude; each unit increase means 10 times stronger shaking. ‘Richter’ sounds strict – a strict measure.
里氏震级 – 测量地震强度的对数标度；每增加一级代表地面震动增强十倍。发音似 ‘rigid’（严格）—— 严格的量尺。
3. Coastal Processes: Erosion & Weathering | 海岸过程：侵蚀与风化
Hydraulic action – the force of water compressing air in cracks, causing rock to break apart. ‘Hydra’ refers to water; imagine water hammering.
水力作用 – 水压缩裂缝中的空气导致岩石破裂的力量。’Hydra’ 指水；想象水如锤击。
Abrasion – the sandpaper effect of waves throwing sediment against cliffs. ‘Abr’ sounds like ‘abrade’ – to scrape off.
磨蚀 – 波浪将沉积物掷向悬崖所产生的砂纸效应。发音类似 ‘abrade’（磨损）—— 刮削。
Corrosion – chemical dissolution of rock by acidic seawater. Like corroding metal; carbonate rocks dissolve.
溶蚀 – 酸性海水对岩石的化学溶解。如腐蚀金属；碳酸盐类岩石被溶解。
Weathering – the breakdown of rock in situ without movement. Weather–related breakdown – no transport.
风化 – 岩石在原位、无移动的分解。与天气相关的崩解 —— 不涉及搬运。
Mass movement – downslope movement of material under gravity, e.g. landslides. Picture a mass sliding downhill.
块体运动 – 物质在重力作用下沿坡向下的运动，如滑坡。想象一大块物体滑下山坡。
4. Coastal Landforms: Depositional & Erosional | 海岸地貌：堆积与侵蚀地貌
Spit – a sand or shingle ridge extending from the coast into the sea, formed by longshore drift. Think of spitting out sand in a line.
沙嘴 – 由沿岸流搬运的沙或砾石从海岸伸入海中形成的脊。联想吐出一条沙线。
Bar – a ridge that connects two headlands, cutting off a lagoon. Like a bar across a door.
沙坝 – 连接两个岬角并截断潟湖的沙脊。如同横在门上的门闩。
Tombolo – a sand bar joining an island to the mainland. ‘Tom’ links island to main.
连岛沙洲 – 将岛屿与大陆相连的沙坝。’Tom’ 联结岛屿与大陆。
Headland – a resistant rock outcrop jutting into the sea. Head sticks out.
岬角 – 伸入海中的坚硬岩石露头。如同头部伸出。
Wave-cut platform – a flat area of rock at the base of a cliff created by erosion. Waves cut a platform.
浪蚀台地 – 悬崖底部由侵蚀形成的平坦岩面。海浪切削出平台。
5. Globalisation: Flows & Networks | 全球化：流动与网络
Globalisation – the increasing interconnectedness of countries through flows of goods, capital, people and information. ‘Globe’ + ‘isation’ = making the world one.
全球化 – 国家间通过商品、资本、人员和信息流动日益相互联系的过程。’全球’ + ‘化’ = 使世界融为一体。
Capital flows – the movement of money for investment, trade or production across borders. Think of cash flowing worldwide.
资本流动 – 用于投资、贸易或生产的资金跨境移动。想象现金在全球流动。
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – investment by a company into physical assets or operations in another country. Direct investment, not just buying shares.
外国直接投资（FDI） – 一家公司对另一国实体资产或业务运营的投资。直接投资，而非仅购买股票。
Cultural diffusion – the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. Culture diffuses like ink in water.
文化扩散 – 文化信仰和社会活动从一个群体向另一个群体的传播。文化如水墨般扩散。
Time-space compression – the reduction in time taken to travel or communicate due to technology. The world feels smaller.
时空压缩 – 因技术进步导致旅行或通信所需时间缩短。世界感觉变小了。
6. Globalisation: Impacts & Governance | 全球化：影响与治理
Transnational Corporation (TNC) – a company that operates in at least two countries, with branches and production across borders. ‘Trans’ = across nations.
跨国公司（TNC） – 至少在两个国家开展业务、拥有跨境分支和生产的公司。’Trans’ = 跨越国家。
Glocalisation – adapting a global product to suit local tastes. Blend ‘global’ + ‘local’.
全球本土化 – 调整全球产品以适应当地口味。融合 ‘global’（全球）与 ‘local’（本土）。
World Trade Organization (WTO) – an international body that sets trade rules and reduces barriers. ‘World Trade Order’.
世界贸易组织（WTO） – 制定贸易规则、减少壁垒的国际机构。可记为 ‘世界贸易秩序’。
Protectionism – using tariffs, quotas or regulations to shield domestic industries from foreign competition. ‘Protect’ home industries.
保护主义 – 通过关税、配额或法规保护国内产业免受外国竞争。’Protect’（保护）本国工业。
Deregulation – the removal of government controls from an industry to encourage competition. ‘De’ = remove + regulation.
放松管制 – 取消政府对行业的控制以鼓励竞争。’De’（去除）+ ‘regulation’（管制）。
7. Regenerating Places: Urban & Rural Change | 地方再生：城市与乡村变化
Regeneration – long-term upgrading of declining urban, rural or industrial areas to reverse decay. ‘Re’ = again, ‘generation’ = making new.
再生 – 对衰退的城市、乡村或工业区进行长期升级以扭转衰败。’Re’（重新）+ ‘generation’（生成）。
Gentrification – the influx of wealthier people into a run-down area, renovating property and changing the area’s character. ‘Gentry’ = upper class.
绅士化
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