📚 Year 12 OCR Computer Science: Key Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | A-Level 计算机科学关键术语速查指南
This guide provides a concise bilingual glossary of essential terms for the Year 12 OCR Computer Science course. Each term is defined in English immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent, helping you build a strong foundation in both languages. Master these terms to boost your confidence in exams and class discussions.
本指南为 Year 12 OCR 计算机科学课程提供双语简明术语表。每个术语先用英文定义，立即配以中文解释，帮助你夯实双语基础。掌握这些术语能增强你在考试和课堂讨论中的信心。
1. System Architecture | 系统架构
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The core component that fetches, decodes and executes instructions. It processes data and controls the flow of information within a computer.
中央处理器 (CPU)：取指令、解码并执行指令的核心部件。它处理数据并控制计算机内的信息流。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Part of the CPU that performs arithmetic operations (e.g. addition) and logical operations (e.g. AND, OR, NOT).
算术逻辑单元 (ALU)：CPU 中执行算术运算（如加法）和逻辑运算（如与、或、非）的部分。
Control Unit (CU): Directs the operations of the CPU by managing the flow of data and controlling the execution of instructions using signals.
控制单元 (CU)：通过管理数据流并利用信号控制指令的执行来指挥 CPU 操作。
Von Neumann Architecture: A stored-program concept where both instructions and data share the same memory and bus, forming the basis of modern computers.
冯·诺依曼架构：一种存储程序概念，指令与数据共用同一内存和总线，是现代计算机的基础。
MAR (Memory Address Register): Holds the address of the memory location that is currently being read from or written to.
存储器地址寄存器 (MAR)：保存当前正在读取或写入的内存地址。
MDR (Memory Data Register): Temporarily stores the data that has just been read from memory or is about to be written to memory.
存储器数据寄存器 (MDR)：临时保存刚从内存读取或即将写入内存的数据。
2. Memory and Storage | 内存与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile primary memory that stores data and programs currently in use. Contents are lost when power is turned off.
随机存取存储器 (RAM)：易失性主存，保存当前正在使用的数据和程序。断电后内容丢失。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non‑volatile memory that retains its contents without power. Typically stores the BIOS/bootstrap instructions needed to start a computer.
只读存储器 (ROM)：非易失性存储器，掉电不丢失内容。通常存放启动计算机所需的 BIOS/引导指令。
Virtual Memory: A memory management technique that uses a section of secondary storage as an extension of RAM when the physical RAM is full.
虚拟内存：一种内存管理技术，当物理 RAM 满时，将一部分二级存储用作 RAM 的扩展。
Secondary Storage: Non‑volatile long‑term storage, such as magnetic hard disks, optical discs and solid‑state drives (SSDs), used to store programs and files permanently.
二级存储：非易失性长期存储，如磁性硬盘、光盘和固态硬盘 (SSD)，用于永久保存程序与文件。
Volatile: Describes memory that loses data when the power is removed, e.g. RAM.
易失性：描述断电后丢失数据的存储器，例如 RAM。
Non‑volatile: Describes memory that retains data without power, e.g. ROM, flash memory, magnetic disks.
非易失性：描述断电后仍能保存数据的存储器，如 ROM、闪存、磁性硬盘。
3. Networks | 网络
LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects computers within a small geographical area such as a school or office building.
局域网 (LAN)：连接一个小地理区域（如学校或办公楼）内计算机的网络。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographical area, often made up of connected LANs. The internet is the largest WAN.
广域网 (WAN)：覆盖大地理区域的网络，通常由多个局域网互联而成。互联网是最大的广域网。
Client‑Server: A network model where clients request services and a central server provides them, managing resources and security.
客户端-服务器：一种网络模型，客户端请求服务，中央服务器提供服务并管理资源与安全。
Packet Switching: A method of data transmission where messages are broken into packets, sent independently across the network and reassembled at the destination.
包交换：一种数据传输方法，将报文分成数据包，各自独立经网络发送，在目的地重新组装。
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): A suite of protocols that govern how data is sent across networks. TCP ensures reliable delivery; IP handles addressing and routing.
TCP/IP (传输控制协议/互联网协议)：一组管理网络数据传输的协议。TCP 确保可靠交付；IP 处理寻址和路由。
MAC Address: A unique hardware identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) for communication on the physical network segment.
MAC 地址：分配给网络接口卡 (NIC) 的唯一硬件标识符，用于物理网段上的通信。
4. Network Security | 网络安全
Malware: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Examples include viruses, worms and Trojans.
恶意软件：旨在破坏、扰乱或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。例如病毒、蠕虫和木马。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where criminals send fraudulent communications, often emails, pretending to be from a trusted source to extract personal information.
钓鱼攻击：一种社会工程攻击，犯罪分子发送欺诈性通讯（常为电子邮件），伪装成可信来源以骗取个人信息。
Firewall: A hardware or software system that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks unauthorised access based on predefined rules.
防火墙：监控进出网络流量并根据预定义规则阻止未授权访问的硬件或软件系统。
Encryption: The process of encoding data into a ciphertext using a key so that only authorised parties with the decryption key can read it.
加密：使用密钥将数据编码为密文的过程，只有拥有解密密钥的授权方可读取。
Brute‑force Attack: A trial‑and‑error method used to crack passwords or encryption keys by systematically trying every possible combination.
暴力攻击：通过系统地尝试所有可能组合来破解密码或加密密钥的试错方法。
Penetration Testing: A simulated cyber attack against a computer system to identify vulnerabilities before malicious hackers can exploit them.
渗透测试：对计算机系统的模拟网络攻击，目的是在恶意黑客利用之前发现漏洞。
5. System Software | 系统软件
Operating System (OS): The fundamental software that manages hardware, runs applications, provides a user interface and handles file and memory management.
操作系统 (OS)：管理硬件、运行应用程序、提供用户界面并处理文件和内存管理的基础软件。
Graphical User Interface (GUI): A visual way of interacting with a computer using windows, icons, menus and pointers, often manipulated with a mouse or touch.
图形用户界面 (GUI)：通过窗口、图标、菜单和指针与计算机交互的可视化方式，通常用鼠标或触摸操作。
Memory Management: The process by which the OS controls and coordinates the allocation of RAM to running programs, ensuring efficient use and protection between processes.
内存管理：操作系统控制和协调 RAM 分配给运行程序的过程，确保高效利用和进程间的保护。
Multitasking: The ability of an OS to run multiple programs or tasks apparently at the same time by rapidly switching the CPU between them.
多任务处理：操作系统通过在程序间快速切换 CPU 来同时（看似）运行多个程序或任务的能力。
Utility Software: Programs designed to maintain or analyse the computer system, such as disk defragmenters, antivirus tools and backup software.
实用工具软件：用于维护或分析计算机系统的程序，如磁盘碎片整理程序、杀毒工具和备份软件。
Defragmentation: A utility that reorganises scattered fragments of files on a magnetic hard disk so that they are stored contiguously, improving access speed.
碎片整理：一种重组磁性硬盘上分散文件碎片的工具，使其连续存储，从而提高访问速度。
6. Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Environmental Issues | 伦理、法律、文化与环境议题
Data Protection Act (2018 / GDPR): UK legislation that governs the collection, storage and use of personal data, giving individuals rights over their information.
数据保护法（2018/GDPR）：英国法律，规范个人数据的收集、存储和使用，赋予个人对其信息的权利。
Computer Misuse Act (1990): UK law that makes unauthorised access to computer material, with intent to commit further offences, or modification of data, illegal.
计算机滥用法（1990）：英国法律，将未经授权访问计算机资料、意图进一步犯罪或篡改数据定为非法。
Open Source Software: Software for which the source code is freely available; users can modify and distribute it, often under licences like MIT or GPL.
开源软件：源代码免费开放的软件；用户可修改和分发，通常遵循 MIT 或 GPL 等许可证。
Proprietary Software: Software whose source code is kept secret by the owner. Users must purchase a licence and typically cannot modify the code.
专有软件：源代码由所有者保密的软件。用户必须购买许可证，通常不能修改代码。
Digital Divide: The gap between those who have access to modern information technology and those who do not, often influenced by economic, geographic and social factors.
数字鸿沟：能够访问现代信息技术的人群与无法访问的人群之间的差距，常受经济、地理和社会因素影响。
E‑waste: Discarded electronic devices, which can cause pollution if not recycled responsibly due to toxic materials like lead and mercury.
电子垃圾：废弃的电子设备，若未妥善回收，会因铅、汞等有毒物质造成污染。
7. Algorithms | 算法
Abstraction: The process of removing unnecessary detail to focus on the essential features of a problem, simplifying design and understanding.
抽象：去除不必要细节以聚焦问题基本特征的过程，简化设计与理解。
Linear Search: A simple searching algorithm that checks each element of a list in turn until the target is found or the list ends.
线性搜索：逐一检查列表中每个元素直至找到目标或列表结束的简单搜索算法。
Binary Search: An efficient searching algorithm that works on a sorted list by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half until the value is found.
二分查找：用于有序列表的高效搜索算法，不断将搜索区间对半分直 至找到值。
Bubble Sort: A simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through a list, compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.
冒泡排序：一种简单的排序算法，反复遍历列表，比较相邻元素并在顺序错误时交换。
Merge Sort: A divide‑and‑conquer sorting algorithm that splits a list into smaller sub‑lists, sorts them and then merges the sorted sub‑lists back together.
归并排序：一种分治排序算法，将列表拆分为更小子列表，分别排序，再合并已排序的子列表。
Big O Notation: A mathematical notation used to describe the performance or complexity of an algorithm in terms of the worst‑case time or space growth as input size increases.
大 O 记法：一种数学记号，用于描述算法在最坏情况下时间或空间随输入规模增长的趋势。
8. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable: A named storage location in memory whose value can change while a program executes.
变量：内存中的命名存储位置，其值可在程序运行时改变。
Integer: A data type that represents whole numbers, e.g. 5, -3, 0.
整型：表示整数的数据类型，如 5、-3、0。
Selection (if statement): A control structure that allows a program to choose between different paths of execution based on a Boolean condition.
选择结构（if 语句）：一种控制结构，允许程序根据布尔条件在不同执行路径间选择。
Iteration (for loop): A control structure that repeats a block of code a fixed number of times or while a condition is met; for loops often use a counter.
迭代（for 循环）：一种控制结构，按固定次数或在条件满足时重复执行代码块；for 循环常使用计数器。
Array (1D): A data structure that stores a collection of elements of the same data type, accessed using an index.
一维数组：存储相同数据类型元素集合的数据结构，通过索引访问。
Subprogram (Procedure): A named block of code that performs a specific task. A procedure does not return a value, whereas a function does.
子程序（过程）：执行特定任务的命名代码块。过程不返回值，函数则返回值。
9. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary: A base‑2 number system using only 0 and 1. All data in a computer is ultimately represented as binary digits (bits).
二进制：仅使用 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数字系统。计算机中所有数据最终都用二进制位 (bit) 表示。
Hexadecimal: A base‑16 number system using digits 0‑9 and letters A‑F, often used to represent binary values more concisely (one hex digit = 4 bits).
十六进制：基数为 16 的数字系统，使用数字 0‑9 和字母 A‑F，常用于更简洁地表示二进制值（一位十六进制 = 4 位二进制）。
Overflow: An error that occurs when the result of a binary addition exceeds the maximum value that the allocated number of bits can store.
溢出：二进制加法结果超出给定位数能存储的最大值时发生的错误。
Two’s Complement: A method of representing negative binary numbers, where the most significant bit (MSB) acts as a sign bit (1 = negative).
二进制补码：一种表示负二进制数的方法，最高有效位 (MSB) 作为符号位 (1 表示负数)。
ASCII: A 7‑bit character encoding standard that represents 128 characters including letters, digits and control codes. Extended ASCII uses 8 bits.
ASCII：一种 7 位字符编码标准，表示 128 个字符，包括字母、数字和控制码。扩展 ASCII 使用 8 位。
Colour Depth: The number of bits used to represent the colour of a single pixel. Higher colour depth gives more possible colours, e.g. 24‑bit true colour.
色深：用于表示单个像素颜色的位数。色深越高，可显示的颜色越多，如 24 位真彩色。
Image File Size = Resolution × Colour Depth
图像文件大小 = 分辨率 × 色深
10. Boolean Logic | 布尔逻辑
AND Gate: A logic gate that outputs 1 only when both inputs are 1; otherwise outputs 0.
与门：仅当两个输入均为 1 时输出 1 的逻辑门；否则输出 0。
OR Gate: A logic gate that outputs 1 if at least one input is 1; outputs 0 only if both inputs are 0.
或门：至少有一个输入为 1 时输出 1；仅当两个输入都为 0 时输出 0。
NOT Gate: A logic gate that has one input and inverts it; output is the opposite of the input (1 becomes 0, 0 becomes 1).
非门：具有一个输入并将其取反的逻辑门；输出与输入相反（1 变 0，0 变 1）。
Truth Table: A table showing all possible input combinations for a logic circuit and the resulting output for each combination.
真值表：展示逻辑电路所有可能输入组合及对应输出的表格。
NAND Gate: A combination of AND followed by NOT; outputs 0 only when both inputs are 1, otherwise outputs 1.
与非门：与门后接非门的组合；仅当两个输入均为 1 时输出 0，否则输出 1。
De Morgan’s Laws: Two Boolean identities: NOT (A AND B) = (NOT A) OR (NOT B); NOT (A OR B) = (NOT A) AND (NOT B).
德摩根定律：两个布尔恒等式：非 (A 与 B) = (非 A) 或 (非 B)；非 (A 或 B) = (非 A) 与 (非 B)。
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