Year 12 SQA French: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulae & Theorems | SQA 法语公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 12 SQA French: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulae & Theorems | SQA 法语公式定理速查手册

Like any system, French grammar can be treated as a collection of reliable patterns — formulae and theorems — that, once mastered, let you construct accurate sentences with confidence. This quick reference handbook presents the essential building blocks for Year 12 SQA French, organised as a set of operational rules. Think of each section as a formula to plug into your writing or a theorem to apply when speaking. Bookmark this page, return to it often, and watch your fluency grow.

如同任何系统,法语语法也可以视为一系列可靠的模式——公式与定理——一旦掌握,你就能自信地构建出准确的句子。这份速查手册将 Year 12 SQA 法语课程中的核心构件以一套操作规则的形式呈现。你可以把每一个小节看作一个可以代入写作的公式,或是在口语中应用的定理。收藏本页,常常回顾,你会发现流利度稳步提高。


1. Present Tense Conjugation Formula | 现在时变位公式

The present tense conjugation of regular verbs follows three predictable sets of endings depending on the infinitive group. The formula is: STEM + ENDING, where the stem is the infinitive minus its ending (-er, -ir, or -re).

规则动词的现在时变位根据不定式分组遵循三套可预测的词尾。公式为:词干 + 词尾,其中词干是原形动词去掉词尾(-er、-ir 或 -re)后的部分。

For -ER verbs (e.g. parler): STEM + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. For -IR verbs like finir: STEM + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. For -RE verbs like vendre: STEM + -s, -s, – (nothing), -ons, -ez, -ent. Note that the stem must sometimes be re‑defined in spelling‑change verbs, but the overriding formula stays the same.

对于 -ER 动词(例如 parler):词干 + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。对于类似 finir 的 -IR 动词:词干 + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。对于类似 vendre 的 -RE 动词:词干 + -s, -s, -(无词尾), -ons, -ez, -ent。注意在拼写变化动词中,有时需要重新界定词干,但总体的公式保持不变。

  • Parler (to speak): je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent
    Parler:我说话,你说话,他/她说话,我们说话,你们说话,他们/她们说话
  • Finir (to finish): je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent
    Finir:我完成,你完成,他/她完成,我们完成,你们完成,他们/她们完成
  • Vendre (to sell): je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent
    Vendre:我卖,你卖,他/她卖,我们卖,你们卖,他们/她们卖

2. The Passé Composé Theorem | 复合过去时定理

The passé composé is formed with a helper (auxiliary) in the present tense followed by the past participle of the main verb. The theorem reads: AUXILIARY (present) + PAST PARTICIPLE. Most verbs use avoir; a small group of intransitive and reflexive verbs use être.

复合过去时由现在时的助动词加上主要动词的过去分词构成。定理为:助动词(现在时) + 过去分词。大多数动词使用 avoir;一小部分不及物动词和所有自反动词使用 être

With avoir, the past participle generally does not agree with the subject unless a direct object precedes the verb. With être, the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number: add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural. The theorem for agreement is: when auxiliary is être or when a preceding direct object is present, then PAST PARTICIPLE = STEM + AGREEMENT SUFFIX.

使用 avoir 时,过去分词通常无须与主语性数配合,除非直接宾语位于动词之前。使用 être 时,过去分词须与主语的性和数相配合:阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。配合定理为:当助动词为 être 或存在前置直接宾语时,过去分词 = 词干 + 配合后缀

  • J’ai mangé → I ate / 我吃了。
  • Elle est allée → She went / 她去了。(Elle 阴性,添加 -e)
  • Nous nous sommes levés → We got up / 我们起来了。(nous 阳性复数,添加 -s)

3. The Imparfait Formation Theorem | 未完成过去时构成定理

The imparfait is built from the first‑person plural (nous) form of the present tense. The theorem: NOUS‑FORM STEM (drop -ons) + IMPERFECT ENDINGS. The endings are: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The stem remains constant across all persons, giving an extremely regular pattern.

未完成过去时基于现在时第一人称复数(nous)的形式构建。定理为:nous 形式词干(去掉 -ons) + 未完成过去时词尾。词尾为:-ais、-ais、-ait、-ions、-iez、-aient。该词干在所有人物下均保持不变,提供了极为规则的范式。

The only verb that does not follow the nous‑form rule perfectly is être, which uses the stem ét‑ with the same endings: j’étais, tu étais, etc. All other verbs, even highly irregular ones, obey this simple formula once you know their nous form.

唯一不完全遵循 nous-形式规则的动词是 être,其词干为 ét‑ 并加相同词尾:j’étais,tu étais 等。其他所有动词,即便是高度不规则的,只要你知道其 nous 形式,都遵从这一简单公式。


4. The Futur Simple Construction Formula | 简单将来时构成公式

The futuristic simple is formed by adding specific endings to the whole infinitive. Formula: INFINITIVE (whole) + FUTURE ENDINGS. The endings are: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. For -RE verbs, the final -e of the infinitive is dropped before adding the endings.

简单将来时通过在整个原形动词之后添加特定词尾构成。公式:原形动词(完整) + 将来时词尾。词尾为:-ai、-as、-a、-ons、-ez、-ont。对于以 -RE 结尾的动词,需先去掉原形动词末尾的 -e 再加词尾。

Many irregular verbs have modified future stems but still attach the same endings. These stems must simply be learned as new ‘base words’: avoir → aur‑; être → ser‑; faire → fer‑; aller → ir‑; pouvoir → pourr‑; vouloir → voudr‑; voir → verr‑; venir → viendr‑; etc. The formula becomes: IRREGULAR FUTURE STEM + FUTURE ENDINGS.

许多不规则动词拥有变化后的将来时词干,但仍附加相同的词尾。这些词干可以作为新的“基础词”记住:avoir → aur‑;être → ser‑;faire → fer‑;aller → ir‑;pouvoir → pourr‑;vouloir → voudr‑;voir → verr‑;venir → viendr‑;等等。此时公式变为:不规则将来时词干 + 将来时词尾


5. The Conditional Present Formula | 条件式现在时公式

The conditional present applies the imperfect endings to the same stem used for the futur simple. Theorem: FUTURE STEM + IMPERFECT ENDINGS (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient). This elegant overlap makes the two tenses easy to learn as a pair.

条件式现在时将未完成过去时的词尾用于简单将来时的同一词干之上。定理为:将来时词干 + 未完成过去时词尾(-ais、-ais、-ait、-ions、-iez、-aient)。这种优美的叠加使得这两个时态成对学习时非常容易。

For regular verbs, the future stem is the infinitive (or infinitive minus -e for -RE verbs). For irregular verbs, the stem is the same irregular stem as in the futur simple. Examples: je parlerais (I would speak), tu finirais, nous vendrions, je serais, vous auriez, ils feraient.

对于规则动词,将来时词干就是原形动词(或 -RE 动词去掉 -e)。对于不规则动词,词干与简单将来时中的不规则词干相同。例如:je parlerais(我会说),tu finirais,nous vendrions,je serais,vous auriez,ils feraient。


6. The Subjunctive Present Theorem | 虚拟式现在时定理

The subjunctive mood is often triggered by expressions of necessity, doubt, emotion, or desire. The present subjunctive stem is derived from the third‑person plural (ils/elles) form of the present indicative. Formula: STEM from ils/elles present (drop -ent) + SUBJUNCTIVE ENDINGS: -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. Notice that the nous and vous forms are identical to the imperfect indicative except for the stem.

虚拟语气常由表示必要性、怀疑、情感或愿望的短语触发。虚拟式现在时的词干源自直陈式现在时第三人称复数(ils/elles)形式。公式为:取自 ils/elles 现在时形式的词干(去掉 -ent) + 虚拟式词尾:-e、-es、-e、-ions、-iez、-ent。注意,除了词干不同外,nous 和 vous 的形式与直陈式未完成过去时相同。

Common irregular subjunctive stems: être → soi‑; avoir → ai‑; aller → aill‑; faire → fass‑; pouvoir → puiss‑; savoir → sach‑; vouloir → veuill‑. These stems still take the standard endings.

常见的不规则虚拟式词干:être → soi‑;avoir → ai‑;aller → aill‑;faire → fass‑;pouvoir → puiss‑;savoir → sach‑;vouloir → veuill‑。这些词干仍接标准的词尾。


7. Negation Formula | 否定公式

French negation normally encloses the conjugated verb with two elements. The basic formula is: ne (n’ before vowel) + CONJUGATED VERB + pas. In compound tenses, ne goes before the auxiliary and pas after it. If an infinitive is negated, both elements precede the infinitive: ne pas + INF.

法语否定通常用两个成分将变位动词括起来。基本公式为:ne(元音前缩为 n’) + 变位动词 + pas。在复合时态中,ne 位于助动词前,pas 位于助动词后。若否定的是不定式,则两个成分都放在不定式前:ne pas + 不定式。

Alternative negative expressions replace pas with other adverbs: ne…jamais (never), ne…plus (no longer), ne…rien (nothing), ne…personne (nobody), ne…que (only), ne…aucun(e) (not any). The formula remains structurally identical: ne + VERB + ADVERB.

替换否定式将 pas 换成了其他副词:ne…jamais(从不)、ne…plus(不再)、ne…rien(没有什么)、ne…personne(没有人)、ne…que(仅仅)、ne…aucun(e)(没有任何)。其结构式与基本公式完全一致:ne + 动词 + 副词


8. Interrogative Theorem | 疑问句定理

French offers three main ways to turn a statement into a question; each method can be seen as a transformation theorem. (1) Intonation: simply raise the pitch at the end of the sentence; the word order remains unchanged. (2) Est‑ce que: place Est‑ce que before the statement. (3) Inversion: invert the subject pronoun and the verb, linking them with a hyphen; if the verb ends in a vowel and the subject is il/elle/on, insert a -t- for euphony.

法语有三种将陈述句变为问句的主要方式;每种方法都可视为一种转换定理。(1)语调法:在句末提高音调即可,语序保持不变。(2)Est‑ce que:将 Est‑ce que 置于陈述句前。(3)倒装法:将主语代词与动词颠倒位置,并用连字符连接;若动词以元音结尾且主语为 il/elle/on,须插入 -t- 以求悦耳。

Examples: (1) Tu aimes le chocolat? → Do you like chocolate? / 你喜欢巧克力吗? (2) Est‑ce que tu aimes le chocolat? (3) Aimes‑tu le chocolat? Parle‑t‑il français? Y a‑t‑il un problème? This theorem applies to all tenses, only the verb‑subject order changes.

例如:(1)Tu aimes le chocolat? → 你喜欢巧克力吗?(2)Est‑ce que tu aimes le chocolat?(3)Aimes‑tu le chocolat? Parle‑t‑il français? Y a‑t‑il un problème? 该定理适用于所有时态,仅需改变动词与主语的顺序。


9. Pronoun Order Formula | 代词顺序公式

When more than one object pronoun appears before a verb, they must follow a strict sequence. The formula is: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en → VERB. In the affirmative imperative, the pronouns follow the verb and are attached by hyphens, and the order changes slightly, with moi replacing me and toi replacing te.

当一个动词前出现多个宾格代词时,它们必须遵循严格的顺序。公式为:me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en → 动词。在肯定命令式中,代词置于动词之后并用连字符连接,顺序略有变化,其中 me 变为 moite 变为 toi

For example: Il me le donne → He gives it to me / 他把它给我。Je lui en ai parlé → I spoke to him/her about it / 我和他/她谈了此事。Donne‑le‑moi → Give it to me / 把它给我。Understanding this order is essential for achieving a natural, idiomatic rhythm in French.

例如:Il me le donne → 他把它给我。Je lui en ai parlé → 我和他/她谈了此事。Donne‑le‑moi → 把它给我。理解这一顺序对于获得自然而地道的法语节奏至关重要。


10. Adjective Agreement Theorem | 形容词配合定理

In French, adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. The base formula is: MASCULINE SINGULAR ADJECTIVE + SUFFIX. To form the feminine, add -e (grand → grande); if the adjective already ends in -e, it remains unchanged (jeune → jeune). To form the plural, add -s (grands, grandes). If the masculine singular already ends in -s or -x, the plural form is identical (gros, curieux).

法语中,形容词需与其修饰的名词在性和数上相配合。基础公式为:阳性单数形容词 + 后缀。构成阴性时,添加 -e(grand → grande);若形容词本身即以 -e 结尾,则保持不变(jeune → jeune)。构成复数时,添加 -s(grands、grandes)。若阳性单数已以 -s 或 -x 结尾,复数形式相同(gros、curieux)。

Several common adjectives have irregular feminine forms: beau → belle, nouveau → nouvelle, vieux → vieille, fou → folle, blanc → blanche, bon → bonne, doux → douce, sec → sèche, long → longue. These must be memorised individually but still adhere to the STEM + FEMININE SUFFIX pattern.

一些常用形容词拥有不规则的阴性形式:beau → belle,nouveau → nouvelle,vieux → vieille,fou → folle,blanc → blanche,bon → bonne,doux → douce,sec → sèche,long → longue。这些需要单独记忆,但依然遵循 词干 + 阴性后缀 的规律。


11. The Comparative and Superlative Formulas | 比较级与最高级公式

Comparisons are expressed with a consistent three‑part structure. The comparative formula: plus/moins/aussi + ADJECTIVE + que + NOUN/PRONOUN. For adverbs, replace the adjective with an adverb: plus vite que, moins bien que. With nouns, use plus de/moins de/autant de + NOUN + que.

比较通过一致的三部分结构来表达。比较级公式为:plus/moins/aussi + 形容词 + que + 名词/代词。对于副词,将形容词替换为副词:plus vite que,moins bien que。与名词连用时,使用 plus de / moins de / autant de + 名词 + que

The superlative formula uses the definite article before the comparative: le/la/les + plus/moins + ADJECTIVE (+ de). The adjective still agrees with the noun it refers to. Example: C’est la plus belle ville de la région → It is the most beautiful town in the region / 这是该地区最美丽的城市。

最高级公式在比较级前使用定冠词:le/la/les + plus/moins + 形容词(+ de)。形容词仍需与所指名词性数配合。例如:C’est la plus belle ville de la région → 这是该地区最美丽的城市。


12. Relative Pronouns Theorem | 关系代词定理

Relative pronouns connect clauses and replace a noun. The choice depends on the grammatical role of the replaced noun in the relative clause. The basic theorem distinguishes: QUI for subject; QUE for direct object; DONT for object of ‘de’; for place or time.

关系代词连接分句并代替名词。其选择取决于被替代名词在关系从句中的语法角色。基本定理区分为:QUI 作主语;QUE 作直接宾语;DONT 作 “de” 的宾语; 表地点或时间。

Examples: L’homme qui parle est mon oncle (The man who is talking is my uncle / 正在说话的男人是我舅舅)。Le film que j’ai vu était excellent (The film that I saw was excellent / 我看的那部电影很精彩)。La personne dont je te parlais (The person I was talking to you about / 我对你提过的那个人)。Le jour où nous nous sommes rencontrés (The day when we met / 我们遇见的那天)。Note that CE QUI, CE QUE, CE DONT work identically when the antecedent is not a specific noun but an idea, translating as ‘what’.

例如:L’homme qui parle est mon oncle(正在说话的男人是我舅舅)。Le film que j’ai vu était excellent(我看的那部电影很精彩)。La personne dont je te parlais(我对你提过的那个人)。Le jour où nous nous sommes rencontrés(我们遇见的那天)。注意当先行词不是一个具体名词而是一个概念时,CE QUI、CE QUE、CE DONT 用法相同,表示 “什么”。


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