📚 Year 12 WJEC Accounting: Essential Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 12 WJEC 会计：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering accounting terminology is the foundation for success in the Year 12 WJEC Accounting course. Without a clear understanding of the language, it is difficult to record transactions correctly, prepare financial statements or interpret business performance. This guide provides a structured approach to memorising essential terms, grouped by topic, with bilingual explanations and practical mnemonics to help you retain them quickly and confidently.
掌握会计术语是在 Year 12 WJEC 会计课程中取得成功的基石。若不清楚这门语言，就难以正确记录交易、编制财务报表或解读企业业绩。本指南按主题分组，以中英双语解释搭配实用记忆法，帮助你快速并牢固地记住核心术语。
1. The Accounting Equation | 会计等式
Assets = Capital + Liabilities is the fundamental formula that underpins all double-entry bookkeeping. Assets are what the business owns or controls, liabilities are what it owes to third parties, and capital represents the owner’s interest in the business. The equation must always balance after every transaction.
资产 = 资本 + 负债是支撑所有复式记账的基本公式。资产是企业拥有或控制的资源，负债是它对第三方的欠款，资本代表所有者在企业中的权益。每笔交易后，等式必须始终平衡。
To remember the order, think of ‘ACL’ or use the mnemonic ‘ALICE’: Assets = Liabilities + Incomes? No, that is for expanded equation. Simply associate Assets with what you own, Capital with what the owner puts in, and Liabilities with borrowings. Any increase in an asset must be matched by an increase in capital or liabilities, or a decrease in another asset.
为了记住顺序，可以联想 “ACL”，或者用资产是你拥有的东西、资本是所有者投入的、负债是借款。任何资产的增加都必须由资本或负债的增加来匹配，或由另一项资产的减少来平衡。
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
2. Double-Entry Bookkeeping Essentials | 复式记账要领
Every transaction has a dual effect: one account is debited and another is credited. The total debits must equal total credits. Debit (Dr) means the left side of an account, credit (Cr) means the right side. The rules depend on the type of account. Use the classic mnemonic “DEAD CLIC”: Debit Expenses, Assets, Drawings; Credit Liabilities, Income, Capital.
每笔交易都有双重影响：一个账户被借记，另一个被贷记。借方总额必须等于贷方总额。借记 (Dr) 指账户的左边，贷记 (Cr) 指右边。规则取决于账户类型。使用经典助记符 “DEAD CLIC”：Debit 费用、Assets 资产、Drawings 提款；Credit 负债、Income 收入、Capital 资本。
When a business buys office supplies for cash, the supplies (asset) increase, so debit office supplies; cash (asset) decreases, so credit cash. When a sale is made on credit, debit trade receivables (asset) and credit sales revenue (income). Practice mapping transactions to the DEAD CLIC categories until the rules become automatic.
当企业用现金购买办公用品时，用品（资产）增加，借记办公用品；现金（资产）减少，贷记现金。赊销时，借记应收账款（资产），贷记销售收入（收入）。反复练习将交易映射到 DEAD CLIC 类别，直到规则变成条件反射。
| Account Type | Increase Entry | Decrease Entry |
|---|---|---|
| Asset | Debit | Credit |
| Liability | Credit | Debit |
| Capital | Credit | Debit |
| Income | Credit | Debit |
| Expense | Debit | Credit |
3. Trial Balance and Error Types | 试算平衡表与错误类型
A trial balance is a list of all ledger account balances at a given date, with debit balances in one column and credit balances in another. If the totals agree, the books are arithmetically correct, but errors may still exist. Six types of error do not affect the trial balance: omission (transaction completely missed), commission (wrong account of same class), principle (capital vs revenue misclassification), compensating (two errors cancel out), original entry (wrong amount in original book), and complete reversal (debits and credits swapped).
试算平衡表是列出某一日期所有分类账余额的报表，借方余额在一栏，贷方余额在另一栏。如果总额相等，则数字计算正确，但仍可能存在错误。有六类错误不影响试算平衡表：遗漏（完全漏记）、佣金（同类账户记错）、原则（资本支出与收益支出的错误分类）、抵消（两笔错误相互抵消）、原始记录（原始金额错误）和完全转回（借贷方向颠倒）。
When the trial balance does not balance, the difference is posted to a suspense account temporarily while the error is investigated. Key errors causing imbalance include single-entry posting, wrong casting of ledger accounts, or incorrect transfer of balances to the trial balance. Use the mnemonic “COPPER” for non-revealing errors: Commission, Omission, Principle, Posting? Actually, better: Omission, Commission, Principle, Compensating, Original entry, Reversal — “OP COOR” or make your own.
当试算平衡表不平，差额暂时记入暂记账户，同时调查错误。导致不平的常见错误有单方过账、分类账加总错误或余额结转错误。对于不暴露的错误，可自己编口诀记忆：遗漏、佣金、原则、抵消、原始记录、转回 (“OCOPOR”)。
4. Accruals and Prepayments | 应计与预付
The accruals (matching) concept requires that expenses and income are recorded in the period they relate to, not simply when cash is paid or received. An accrual is an expense incurred but not yet paid, or income earned but not yet received. A prepayment is an expense paid in advance, or income received in advance.
应计（配比）概念要求费用和收入在相关期间确认，而非仅仅在收付款时。应计费用指已发生但未支付的费用，或已赚得但未收到的收入。预付费用指提前支付的费用，或提前收到的收入。
Remember the balance-sheet presentation with “PAID”: Prepayments are Assets, Accruals are Liabilities, but reversed for income. Prepaid expenses are current assets (Dr Prepayments, Cr expense). Accrued expenses are current liabilities (Dr expense, Cr Accruals). Accrued income is a current asset (Dr Accrued income, Cr income). Prepaid income is a current liability (Dr income, Cr Prepaid income).
用 “PAID” 记忆资产负债表列示：Prepayments 是资产，Accruals 是负债，但收入项目相反。预付费用是流动资产（借记预付，贷记费用）。应计费用是流动负债（借记费用，贷记应计）。应计收入是流动资产（借记应计收入，贷记收入）。预收收入是流动负债（借记收入，贷记预收收入）。
For the income statement, adjust for accruals and prepayments to show the expense or income that truly relates to the period. For example, if rent paid during the year was £12,000 but the year-end shows a prepayment of £1,000, the expense in the income statement is £11,000.
在利润表中，调整应计和预付以反映真正属于该期间的金额。例如，本年支付租金 £12,000，但年末有预付 £1,000，则利润表费用为 £11,000。
5. Depreciation Concepts and Methods | 折旧概念与方法
Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of a non-current asset over its useful life. It matches the expense of using the asset to the revenue it generates. The two main methods in the syllabus are the straight-line method and the reducing balance method.
折旧是对非流动资产在其使用年限内成本的系统分摊，将资产使用费用与其产生的收入相配比。考纲中的两种主要方法是直线法和余额递减法。
Straight-line: Annual depreciation = (Cost − Residual value) ÷ Useful life
Straight-line charges an equal amount each year. It is simple and suitable for assets that provide equal benefit over time, such as office furniture. The net book value (NBV) = Cost − Accumulated depreciation.
直线法每年计提等额折旧，简单且适合提供均匀效益的资产，如办公家具。账面净值 (NBV) = 成本 − 累计折旧。
Reducing balance: Annual depreciation = Net book value at start of year × Fixed percentage
The reducing balance method applies a constant percentage to the diminishing net book value, resulting in higher charges in early years. It is appropriate for assets that lose value faster initially, like vehicles. Terms to know: accumulated depreciation (total depreciation to date), carrying amount (NBV), and residual value (scrap value).
余额递减法以固定百分比乘以逐年递减的账面净值，导致前期折旧较高，适合初期减值较快的资产，如汽车。必须掌握的术语：累计折旧（至今的折旧总额）、账面金额 (NBV) 和残值（废料价值）。
6. Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts | 坏账与坏账准备
A bad debt is a trade receivable that is confirmed to be uncollectible. It is written off to the income statement as an expense: Dr Bad debts expense, Cr Trade receivables. The irrecoverable amount is removed from the receivables ledger.
坏账是已确认无法收回的应收账款，作为费用计入利润表：借记坏账费用，贷记应收账款。该金额从应收分类账中移除。
A provision for doubtful debts is an estimate of future uncollectible amounts, based on past experience, created to comply with the prudence concept. The double entry for creating or increasing the provision: Dr Increase in provision for doubtful debts (income statement), Cr Provision for doubtful debts (deducted from trade receivables in the statement of financial position).
坏账准备是基于过去经验对未来可能无法收回金额的估计，遵循谨慎性原则而建立。计提或增加准备的分录：借记坏账准备增加（利润表），贷记坏账准备（在财务状况表中从应收账款中扣减）。
A decrease in provision is recorded as income: Dr Provision for doubtful debts, Cr Decrease in provision (income). Always calculate the movement in the provision: closing provision minus opening provision. A positive movement is an increase (expense), negative is a decrease (income).
准备减少记作收益：借记坏账准备，贷记准备减少（利润表）。始终计算准备变动额：期末准备减期初准备。正数为增加（费用），负数为减少（收益）。
7. Inventory Valuation | 存货计价
Inventory must be valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value (NRV) per IAS 2. Cost includes all costs of purchase, conversion, and bringing inventory to its present location. NRV is the estimated selling price less estimated costs to complete and sell.
根据 IAS 2，存货必须按成本与可变现净值 (NRV) 孰低计价。成本包括所有采购、加工和使存货达到当前位置的成本。可变现净值是估计售价减去估计完工及销售费用。
WJEC students need to apply two main cost flow assumptions: FIFO (first-in, first-out) and AVCO (average cost). Under FIFO, the earliest purchased items are assumed to be sold first, so closing inventory consists of the most recent purchases. This often gives a higher inventory value when prices rise.
WJEC 考生需运用两种主要成本流转假设：先进先出法 (FIFO) 和加权平均成本法 (AVCO)。在 FIFO 下，最早购入的货品被假定先售出，期末存货由最新购入批次构成，在价格上涨时存货价值通常较高。
AVCO calculates a weighted average cost per unit after each purchase and uses that average to value both cost of sales and closing inventory. The formula: Average cost per unit = Total cost of goods available for sale ÷ Total units available for sale. Inventory should be adjusted for obsolete or damaged items, writing down to NRV.
AVCO 在每次进货后计算加权平均单位成本，并以此成本计算销售成本和期末存货。公式：平均单位成本 = 可供销售商品总成本 ÷ 可供销售总数量。存货应就对陈旧或损坏的项目计提减记至 NRV。
8. Financial Statements Terminology | 财务报表术语
The Statement of Profit or Loss (income statement) shows the financial performance over a period. Key components: revenue (sales), cost of sales (opening inventory + purchases + carriage inwards − closing inventory), gross profit (revenue − cost of sales), other operating income, expenses (distribution costs, administrative expenses), finance costs, and profit for the year.
损益表反映一段期间的财务业绩。关键组成部分：收入（销售）、销售成本（期初存货 + 采购 + 进货运费 − 期末存货）、毛利（收入 − 销售成本）、其他经营收入、费用（分销成本、行政费用）、财务成本和本年利润。
The Statement of Financial Position (balance sheet) displays assets, liabilities and capital at a particular date. Non-current assets (e.g. property, plant, equipment) are held for long-term use; current assets (inventory, trade receivables, prepayments, cash) are expected to be converted into cash within 12 months. Current liabilities (trade payables, accruals, bank overdraft) are due within one year. Non-current liabilities (loans) are due after one year. Equity section includes capital plus retained profit.
财务状况表（资产负债表）列示特定日期的资产、负债和资本。非流动资产（如物业、厂房及设备）供长期使用；流动资产（存货、应收账款、预付、现金）预计在 12 个月内变现。流动负债（应付账款、应计、银行透支）在一年内到期。非流动负债（贷款）在一年后到期。权益部分包括资本加留存利润。
9. Control Accounts | 控制账户
Sales ledger control account (total trade receivables) and purchases ledger control account (total trade payables) are part of the double-entry system and act as summary accounts for the individual ledgers. Their balances should match the total of individual accounts in the receivables and payables ledgers.
销售分类账控制账户（总应收账款）和采购分类账控制账户（总应付账款）是复式记账系统的一部分，充当个人分类账的汇总账户。它们的余额应与应收和应付款分类账中个别账户合计相符。
Common entries in the sales ledger control: debit side – opening balance, credit sales, dishonoured cheques; credit side – receipts from customers, settlement discounts allowed, bad debts written off, returns inwards. For purchases ledger control: credit side – opening balance, credit purchases; debit side – payments to suppliers, discounts received, returns outwards.
销售分类账控制的常见分录：借方 – 期初余额、赊销、退票；贷方 – 客户付款、给予的结算折扣、冲销的坏账、销售退回。采购分类账控制：贷方 – 期初余额、赊购；借方 – 向供应商付款、收到的折扣、采购退回。
Differences between the control account and the list of ledger balances must be investigated. Reconciliation uncovers errors and omissions such as contra entries (set-off between receivables and payables) or items recorded in the nominal ledger but omitted from the personal ledger.
控制账户与分类账余额表之间的差异必须调查。调节过程可发现错误和遗漏，例如抵消分录（应收账款与应付账款相抵）或记入总账但未记入个人分类账的项目。
10. Bank Reconciliation | 银行余额调节
A bank reconciliation statement matches the cash book balance to the bank statement balance by accounting for timing differences and errors. First, update the cash book for items recorded on the bank statement but not yet in the cash book: bank charges, standing orders, direct debits, credit transfers, dishonoured cheques.
银行余额调节表通过考虑时间差异和错误，将现金簿余额与银行对账单余额进行核对。首先根据银行对账单已记录但现金簿未记录的项目更新现金簿：银行手续费、常行指令、直接借记、贷项转账、退票等。
After updating, the adjusted cash book balance is the corrected balance. The reconciliation then lists unpresented cheques (deduct from bank statement balance) and lodgements not yet credited (add to bank statement balance). The final adjusted bank statement balance should equal the adjusted cash book balance.
更新后，调整后现金簿余额即为更正后余额。然后列出未兑现支票（从银行对账单余额中减去）和未贷记的存款（加到银行对账单余额上）。最终调整后的银行对账单余额应等于调整后现金簿余额。
Key terms: unpresented cheques – cheques issued but not yet cleared; outstanding lodgements – amounts deposited but not yet shown on the bank statement; bank charges/interest – debited by the bank. Knowing these terms helps spot differences quickly.
关键术语：未兑现支票 – 已开出但尚未清算的支票；未贷记存款 – 已存入但银行对账单尚未显示；银行手续费/利息 – 银行借记的金额。熟悉这些术语有助快速发现差异。
11. Capital vs Revenue Expenditure | 资本支出与收益支出
Capital expenditure is spending on acquiring, improving or extending non-current assets, which bring benefit over multiple accounting periods. It is recorded as a non-current asset and depreciated over its useful life. Revenue expenditure is spending on day-to-day running costs, repairs, and expenses consumed within one year; it is written off to the income statement immediately.
资本支出是用于获取、改良或扩建非流动资产的支出，可在多个会计期间带来效益，记作非流动资产并计提折旧。收益支出是日常运营成本、维修费和一年内耗用的费用，直接计入利润表。
Misclassification distorts profit and asset values. If a capital expense is wrongly treated as revenue, profit is understated and assets are understated. If a revenue expense is treated as capital, profit is overstated and assets are overstated. Common borderline items include repairs (revenue) versus improvements (capital) and small equipment purchases.
错误分类会扭曲利润和资产价值。若资本支出误作收益支出，利润被低估，资产被低估；若收益支出误作资本支出，利润被高估，资产被高估。常见边界项目包括维修（收益）与改良（资本）以及小额设备采购。
Use the criteria: does the spending increase earning capacity, extend asset life, or enhance asset value? If yes, it is likely capital. Regular servicing, repainting, and replacement of worn parts are revenue. Remember the mnemonic “CAPEX for assets, REVEX for running” to keep the distinction clear.
使用标准：支出是否提高盈利能力、延长资产寿命或提升资产价值？若是，很可能为资本支出。定期保养、重新粉刷和更换磨损零件属于收益支出。用口诀 “CAPEX 记资产，REVEX 记费用” 保持区分。
12. Quick Mnemonics and Exam-Ready Summaries | 快速助记符与应试总结
To recap and memorise effectively, collate the most powerful mnemonics into a single reference table. These shortcuts reduce the risk of mixing up debits and credits or misclassifying items under exam pressure.
为高效复习和记忆，将最强助记符汇总成一张参考表。这些捷径可降低考试压力下混淆借贷或错误分类的风险。
| Mnemonic | Meaning | Used For |
|---|---|---|
| DEAD CLIC | Debit Expenses, Assets, Drawings; Credit Liabilities, Income, Capital | Double-entry rules |
| PAID | Prepayments Assets, Accruals (Liabilities for expenses) | Accruals & prepayments classification |
| ALICE | Assets = Liabilities + Income + Capital + Expenses (expanded equation) | Equation expansion |
| CAPEX / REVEX | Capital Expenditure for assets, Revenue Expenditure for running costs | Expenditure classification |
| OCOPOR | Omission, Commission, Principle, Original entry, Reversal | Non-revealing errors |
| SPL / SOFP | Statement of Profit or Loss, Statement of Financial Position | Financial statements abbreviations |
Practice by writing out the double entry for common transactions while saying the
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