KS3 CCEA Psychology: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | KS3 CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 CCEA Psychology: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | KS3 CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Building a strong psychology vocabulary is the first step towards understanding how the mind and behaviour work. This guide introduces you to key terms you will meet in KS3 CCEA Psychology and pairs them with simple memory tricks, examples and clear definitions to help you learn faster and remember longer.

打好心理学词汇基础是理解心智与行为如何运作的第一步。这份指南带你认识 KS3 CCEA 心理学课程中会遇到的关键术语，并配以简单的记忆技巧、例子和清晰的定义，帮你学得更快、记得更牢。

1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It tries to explain why we think, feel and act the way we do by using careful observation, experiments and evidence.

心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。它试图通过细致的观察、实验和证据来解释我们为什么这样思考、感受和行动。

The word comes from the Greek ‘psyche’ (mind/soul) and ‘logos’ (study). Think of ‘psyche’ like ‘psychic’ – both deal with the mind. This root can help you remember.

这个词源自希腊语的 ‘psyche’（心灵/灵魂）和 ‘logos’（研究）。把 ‘psyche’ 想象成 ‘psychic’（通灵的）——两者都与心灵有关。这个词根能帮到你记忆。

A psychologist is not the same as a psychiatrist. A psychologist studies behaviour, while a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can prescribe medicine. To recall the difference, link ‘psychiatrist’ with ‘prescription’ – both start with ‘p’.

心理学家（psychologist）不同于精神科医生（psychiatrist）。心理学家研究行为，而精神科医生是能够开药的医学博士。要记住区别，把 ‘psychiatrist’ 和 ‘prescription’（处方）联系起来——两者都以 ‘p’ 开头。

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2. Key Branches of Psychology | 心理学的主要分支

Psychology has many branches. Biological psychology looks at the brain, hormones and genes. Cognitive psychology studies mental processes like memory and thinking. Social psychology examines how people influence each other.

心理学有很多分支。生物心理学研究大脑、激素和基因。认知心理学研究记忆、思维等心理过程。社会心理学考察人们如何相互影响。

Developmental psychology focuses on how people grow and change from infancy to old age. Think of ‘develop’ – we all develop over time. Abnormal psychology studies unusual patterns of behaviour and mental disorders.

发展心理学关注人从婴儿期到老年如何成长和变化。想想 ‘develop’（发展）——我们都会随着时间发展。异常心理学研究不寻常的行为模式和心理健康失调。

A quick mnemonic for the main branches is ‘Bio-Cog-Social-Develop-Abnormal’ – say it as ‘Big Cats Sit Down Always’ to lock the order in your memory.

给主要分支一个快速记忆法是 ‘Bio-Cog-Social-Develop-Abnormal’，念成 ‘Big Cats Sit Down Always’ 就能把顺序记在脑中。

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3. Behaviour and Mental Processes | 行为与心理过程

Behaviour is any action we can observe, like talking, running or smiling. Mental processes are internal experiences we cannot see directly, such as thinking, remembering and feeling.

行为是我们能观察到的任何动作，如说话、跑步或微笑。心理过程是我们不能直接看到的内部体验，比如思考、记忆和感受。

To separate them, imagine behaviour as the ‘visible film’ of a person, while mental processes are the ‘hidden script’ inside their head. This image makes the distinction easy to recall.

为了区分它们，把行为想象成一个人的“可见影片”，而心理过程则是他们头脑中的“隐藏剧本”。这个画面能让区别变得容易回想。

Psychologists study both by using objective methods. For behaviour they may count how many times someone smiles; for mental processes they might use self-reports or brain scanning.

心理学家使用客观方法同时研究两者。对于行为，他们可能会数一个人笑了多少次；对于心理过程，他们可能使用自我报告或脑部扫描。

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4. The Brain and Nervous System | 大脑和神经系统

The brain is the control centre of the body. The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

大脑是身体的控制中心。中枢神经系统（CNS）包括大脑和脊髓。外周神经系统（PNS）将中枢神经系统与身体其他部位连接起来。

A neuron is a nerve cell that sends signals. The three main parts are dendrites (receive messages), the cell body (processes) and the axon (sends messages away). Think ‘Dendrite = Door’ for receiving and ‘Axon = Away’ to fix the direction.

神经元是发送信号的神经细胞。三个主要部分是树突（接收信息）、细胞体（处理）和轴突（将信息发送出去）。把 ‘Dendrite’ 想成 ‘Door’（门）表示接收，’Axon’ 想成 ‘Away’（离开）来记方向。

The synapse is the tiny gap between neurons where chemicals called neurotransmitters cross. A simple phrase: ‘The synaptic gap is the chat app where neurons text each other with neurotransmitters.’

突触是神经元之间的微小间隙，被称为神经递质的化学物质在这里穿过。一个简单的说法：“突触间隙就像一个聊天软件，神经元用神经递质互发消息。”

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5. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉

Sensation is the process of detecting physical energy from the environment through our sense organs. Perception is how the brain organises and interprets these sensations to give them meaning.

感觉是通过感官从环境中探测物理能量的过程。知觉是大脑组织并解释这些感觉，赋予其意义的过程。

You can memorise the difference with the ‘raw data’ trick. Sensation is like collecting raw ingredients (light, sound waves). Perception is like cooking them into a meal you recognise. Without perception, a sensation of red and round doesn’t become an ‘apple’.

你可以用“原始数据”窍门来记住区别。感觉就像采集原材料（光波、声波）。知觉则像把它们烹饪成你认出的一道菜。没有知觉，“红色”和“圆形”的感觉不会变成“苹果”。

An illusion happens when perception does not match physical reality. The famous Müller-Lyer illusion shows two lines of equal length that appear different because of arrowheads. Illusions teach us that the brain actively constructs what we see.

当知觉与物理现实不符时，就会产生错觉。著名的缪勒-莱尔错觉展示了两条等长的线，因为箭头方向不同而看起来不等长。错觉告诉我们，大脑在主动建构我们所看到的东西。

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6. Memory and Forgetting | 记忆与遗忘

Memory is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information. Encoding is transforming information into a form that can enter memory. Storage is keeping it over time. Retrieval is pulling it back out when needed.

记忆是对信息进行编码、储存和提取的过程。编码是把信息转换成能进入记忆的形式。储存是长时间保持信息。提取是在需要时把它取出来。

A useful mnemonic: ‘Every Smart Rabbit’ stands for Encoding, Storage, Retrieval. Picture a rabbit with glasses reading a book to make it vivid.

一个有用的记忆法：’Every Smart Rabbit’ 代表 Encoding（编码）、Storage（储存）、Retrieval（提取）。想象一只戴着眼镜看书的兔子，让画面更生动。

Short-term memory holds a limited amount of information (around 7±2 items) for a short time. Long-term memory has a huge capacity and can last a lifetime. Forgetting can happen because information decays or is interfered with.

短时记忆在短时间内保存数量有限的信息（约7±2个项目）。长时记忆容量极大，可以持续一生。遗忘可能是因为信息消退或受到干扰。

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7. Learning and Conditioning | 学习与条件反射

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience. Classical conditioning is learning by association, first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov with dogs that salivated to a bell after it was paired with food.

学习是由经验引起的行为上相对永久的改变。经典条件反射是通过联想进行学习，最早由伊万·巴甫洛夫通过狗的实验证明——当铃声与食物配对后，狗一听到铃声就流口水。

Key terms: unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is something that naturally triggers a response, like food. Unconditioned response (UCR) is the natural reaction, like salivation. The neutral stimulus (bell) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after pairing.

关键术语：非条件刺激（UCS）是自然引发反应的东西，比如食物。非条件反应（UCR）是自然的反应，比如流口水。中性刺激（铃声）在配对后变成条件刺激（CS）。

Operant conditioning is learning through consequences. Reinforcement makes a behaviour more likely, while punishment makes it less likely. Positive means adding something; negative means taking something away. Use the ‘Plus/Minus’ analogy: positive = add, negative = subtract.

操作条件反射是通过后果进行学习。强化让行为更可能出现，惩罚让它更少出现。正强化/惩罚是增加某物，负强化/惩罚是移除某物。用“加减”类比：positive（正）=加，negative（负）=减。

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8. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从

Conformity is when a person changes their behaviour or beliefs to fit in with a group. It can happen because of normative influence (wanting to be liked) or informational influence (believing the group is right).

从众是指一个人为了融入群体而改变自己的行为或信念。这可能源于规范影响（想要被喜欢）或信息影响（相信群体是正确的）。

Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure. Stanley Milgram’s famous experiment showed that ordinary people might obey orders to harm another person when instructed by an authority wearing a lab coat.

服从是指听从权威人物的直接命令。斯坦利·米尔格拉姆的著名实验表明，当身穿实验服的权威下达指令时，普通人可能会服从伤害他人的命令。

To distinguish the two, think: Conformity is like wearing the same trainers as your friends because you want to blend in. Obedience is like a soldier following a commander’s order without question. Conformity has a social pressure; obedience has a chain of command.

要区分两者，可以这样想：从众就像因为想融入而和朋友穿一样的运动鞋。服从就像士兵毫不犹豫地听从指挥官的命令。从众有社交压力；服从有指挥链。

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9. Personality and Individual Differences | 人格与个体差异

Personality refers to the unique and stable patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make each person different. The ‘Big Five’ traits model (OCEAN) is a widely taught framework: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.

人格指的是让每个人与众不同的独特且稳定的思维、情感和行为模式。“大五”人格模型（OCEAN）是一个被广泛教授的框架：开放性、尽责性、外向性、宜人性和神经质。

Openness describes curiosity and imagination. Conscientiousness relates to being organised and dependable. Extraversion is about being sociable and energetic. Agreeableness reflects kindness and cooperation. Neuroticism indicates emotional instability.

开放性描述的是好奇心和想象力。尽责性与有条理、可靠相关。外向性指的是好社交、精力充沛。宜人性反映出善良与合作。神经质表明情绪不稳定。

Remember OCEAN by picturing a calm ocean, but each letter breaks the surface with a different colour. This visual bridge helps anchor the five dimensions in your long-term memory.

通过想象一片平静的海洋（ocean），但每个字母都以不同颜色浮出水面，可以记住 OCEAN。这个视觉桥梁有助于将这五个维度锚定在你的长时记忆中。

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10. Research Methods Vocabulary | 研究方法词汇

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about what will happen in a study. It is often written as ‘If… then…’. For example: ‘If students sleep more, then their test scores will improve.’

假设是对研究中会发生什么事情的可检验预测。它通常写成“如果……那么……”的形式。例如：“如果学生睡得更多，那么他们的考试成绩就会提高。”

A variable is any factor that can change. The independent variable (IV) is the one the researcher changes. The dependent variable (DV) is the one that is measured. Think: ‘I change the IV, and the DV Depends on it.’

变量是任何可以改变的因素。自变量（IV）是研究者改变的那个变量。因变量（DV）是被测量的那个变量。这样想：“我改变 IV，DV 则取决于它（Depends on it）。”

Reliability means consistency – if you repeat the study, you get similar results. Validity means accuracy – the study measures what it claims to measure. A broken scale might be reliable (always shows the same wrong weight) but not valid.

信度指的是一致性——如果你重复研究，会得到相似的结果。效度指的是准确性——研究测量了它声称要测量的东西。一台坏掉的秤可能信度高（每次都显示同样的错误体重），但效度低。

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11. Psychological Disorders Basics | 心理障碍基础

A phobia is an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Common examples include arachnophobia (fear of spiders) and claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces). The word ‘phobia’ comes from the Greek for fear – think of ‘phobos’.

恐惧症是对特定物体或情境的强烈、非理性的恐惧。常见的例子包括蜘蛛恐惧症和幽闭恐惧症。’phobia’ 这个词来自希腊语的恐惧——想想 ‘phobos’。

Depression is more than feeling sad; it is a mood disorder involving prolonged low mood, loss of interest and low energy. The cognitive approach suggests negative thought patterns (thinking ‘I’m worthless’) contribute to depression.

抑郁症不仅仅是感到悲伤；它是一种心境障碍，涉及长期的沮丧情绪、兴趣丧失和精力不足。认知取向认为消极思维模式（想着“我没用”）会导致抑郁。

Anxiety disorders involve excessive worry and physical symptoms like a racing heart. These terms are often described by the four Ds of diagnosis: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction and Danger.

焦虑障碍涉及过度担忧和心跳加速等身体症状。这些术语通常用诊断的“四个 D”来描述：偏离常态（Deviance）、痛苦（Distress）、功能失调（Dysfunction）和危险（Danger）。

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12. Quick-Memorisation Tips for Terminology | 术语速记技巧总结

Here is a table that combines some of the most important terms with a quick memory aid. Say each pair aloud, then cover one column and test yourself.

下面的表格结合了一些最重要的术语和快速记忆辅助方法。大声念出每一对，然后盖住一栏自测。

Term (English)	Definition	Memory Aid
Psychology	Scientific study of mind and behaviour.	Psyche + ology = mind study. Picture a brain with a magnifying glass.
Neuron	Nerve cell that sends and receives signals.	Dendrite = Door (in), Axon = Away (out).
Perception	Organising sensations into meaningful experiences.	Perception is the chef; sensation is the raw ingredients.
Memory stages	Encoding, Storage, Retrieval.	Every Smart Rabbit.
Conformity vs Obedience	Conformity = peer pressure; Obedience = command pressure.	Conform to a crowd; Obey an officer.

Whenever you encounter a new term, create a vivid mental image that links the word’s sound to its meaning. Spaced repetition – reviewing terms after a day, a week and a month – is the most powerful way to move vocabulary into permanent memory.

每当你遇到一个新术语，就创造一个生动的心理形象，把单词的发音和意义联系起来。间隔重复——一天后、一周后和一个月后复习术语——是把词汇移入永久记忆的最有效方法。

Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com

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