Pre-U Edexcel Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Pre-U Edexcel 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册

📚 Pre-U Edexcel Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Pre-U Edexcel 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册

Mastering Spanish at Pre-U level is often likened to solving a puzzle – each grammatical structure acts as a reliable ‘formula’, and every rule of agreement functions like a proven ‘theorem’. This quick reference handbook condenses the essential linguistic equations you need, from tense formation to subjunctive triggers, and presents them as clear, replicable patterns. With these tools, you can construct accurate, sophisticated sentences under exam pressure, provided you memorise each formula and practise applying it to unfamiliar contexts.

在 Pre-U 阶段掌握西班牙语，常被比作解谜——每个语法结构就像一条可靠的“公式”，而每条呼应规则就像经过验证的“定理”。这本速查手册将你需要的关键语言方程式浓缩起来，从时态构成到虚拟式触发条件，并以清晰、可复制的模式呈现。有了这些工具，你就能在考试压力下构建准确、复杂的句子，前提是熟记每条公式并练习将其应用到陌生语境中。

1. Noun and Article Agreement | 名词与冠词一致性

Every Spanish noun carries a fixed gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). The accompanying article (definite: el, la, los, las; indefinite: un, una, unos, unas) must match exactly. A typical masculine noun ends in -o, feminine in -a, but exceptions (el problema, la mano) must be memorised. Plural formation follows simple rules: add -s to vowel-ending nouns, -es to consonant-ending nouns, and be alert to spelling changes (lápiz → lápices).

每个西班牙语名词都有固定的性（阳性或阴性）和数（单数或复数）。与之搭配的冠词（定冠词：el、la、los、las；不定冠词：un、una、unos、unas）必须完全一致。典型的阳性名词以 -o 结尾，阴性以 -a 结尾，但例外（el problema、la mano）需要记忆。复数构成遵循简单规则：元音结尾加 -s，辅音结尾加 -es，并注意拼写变化（lápiz → lápices）。

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2. Adjective Concordance Formula | 形容词一致性公式

An adjective’s ending adjusts to the gender and number of the noun it modifies. The default formula is: masculine singular -o, feminine singular -a, masculine plural -os, feminine plural -as. Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant normally only mark plural (inteligente → inteligentes; feliz → felices). Placement usually follows the noun, but certain adjectives (bueno, malo, grande) can precede it with a shortened form (buen, mal, gran) before a masculine singular noun.

形容词的词尾根据所修饰名词的性、数变化。默认公式为：阳性单数 -o，阴性单数 -a，阳性复数 -os，阴性复数 -as。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常只变化复数（inteligente → inteligentes；feliz → felices）。位置通常放在名词之后，但某些形容词（bueno、malo、grande）可提前，并在阳性单数名词前使用短尾形式（buen、mal、gran）。

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3. Present Tense Conjugation Formulas for Regular Verbs | 规则动词现在时变位公式

The infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) is removed to expose the stem; then thematic endings are added according to person. This is the foundational conjugation ‘engine’:

去掉不定式词尾（-ar、-er、-ir）露出词干，再按人称添加相应的主题词尾。这是最基础的变位“引擎”：

Person	-ar (hablar)	-er (comer)	-ir (vivir)
yo	-o	-o	-o
tú	-as	-es	-es
él/ella/usted	-a	-e	-e
nosotros	-amos	-emos	-imos
vosotros	-áis	-éis	-ís
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-an	-en	-en

Stem + Person Ending = Conjugated Verb

Note stem-changing verbs (e → ie, o → ue, e → i) apply the change in all persons except nosotros and vosotros, following predictable patterns.

注意，词干元音变化的动词（e → ie、o → ue、e → i）除 nosotros 和 vosotros 外的所有人称都发生规律性变化。

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4. Core Irregular Verb ‘Axioms’ | 核心不规则动词“公理”

Certain high-frequency verbs defy regular formulas and must be treated as axioms. Learn their full present-tense paradigms by heart:

一些高频动词打破规则公式，必须视为公理，牢牢记住其现在时完整变位：

• ser: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
• estar: estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están
• tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen (e → ie, plus yo irregular)
• ir: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van
• hacer: hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen
• decir: digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen (e → i, plus yo irregular)

These verbs also serve as building blocks for compound tenses and idiomatic expressions; their irregularities are preserved in most derived tenses.

这些动词也是复合时态和惯用表达的构建基石；其不规则性在大多数衍生时态中会被保留。

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5. Perfect Tense Formula: Haber + Past Participle | 现在完成时公式：haber + 过去分词

The present perfect (pretérito perfecto) expresses past actions with present relevance. Its formation is a rigid formula:

现在完成时表示与现在相关的过去动作，其构成是一条严格公式：

Present tense of haber + past participle (invariable)

Haber conjugation: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han. Past participles are formed by replacing -ar with -ado (hablar → hablado) and -er/-ir with -ido (comer → comido; vivir → vivido). Key irregular participles include: abrir → abierto, decir → dicho, escribir → escrito, hacer → hecho, poner → puesto, ver → visto, volver → vuelto.

haber 的现在时变位：he、has、ha、hemos、habéis、han。过去分词通过将 -ar 替换成 -ado（hablar → hablado），将 -er/-ir 替换成 -ido（comer → comido；vivir → vivido）构成。常见不规则分词包括：abrir → abierto、decir → dicho、escribir → escrito、hacer → hecho、poner → puesto、ver → visto、volver → vuelto。

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6. Preterite Tense Formula: Simple Past | 简单过去时公式

The preterite (pretérito indefinido) captures completed actions in the past. Regular endings attach to the stem:

简单过去时用于叙述已完成的过去动作。规则词尾附加在词干上：

Person	-ar (hablé)	-er/-ir (comí)
yo	-é	-í
tú	-aste	-iste
él/ella/usted	-ó	-ió
nosotros	-amos	-imos
vosotros	-asteis	-isteis
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-aron	-ieron

A significant cluster of verbs (tener, estar, andar, poner, poder, saber, querer, venir, hacer, decir, traer, conducir) share an irregular preterite stem with a distinct set of endings (-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron/-eron). For example, tener → tuv- (tuve, tuviste…). Ser and ir are identical in the preterite: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron.

有大量动词（tener、estar、andar、poner、poder、saber、querer、venir、hacer、decir、traer、conducir）共享一套不规则词干和特殊词尾（-e、-iste、-o、-imos、-isteis、-ieron/-eron）。例如 tener → tuv-（tuve、tuviste…）。ser 与 ir 的简单过去时变位完全相同：fui、fuiste、fue、fuimos、fuisteis、fueron。

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7. Imperfect Tense Formula: Descriptions in the Past | 未完成过去时公式：过去的描写

The imperfect (pretérito imperfecto) expresses habitual actions, ongoing states, and background settings. Its formation is satisfyingly regular except for three verbs:

未完成过去时表达习惯性动作、持续状态和背景描写。除三个动词外，其构成非常规律：

• -ar verbs: stem + -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban (hablar → hablaba)
• -er/-ir verbs: stem + -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían (comer → comía; vivir → vivía)
• Irregulars: ser (era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran), ir (iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban), ver (veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían).

A crucial distinction: preterite = completed action (a closed door); imperfect = ongoing or habitual past (an open corridor).

关键区别：简单过去时 = 完成的动作（关上的门）；未完成过去时 = 持续或习惯性的过去（敞开的走廊）。

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8. Future and Conditional Formulas: Infinitive-Based | 将来时与条件式公式：基于不定式

Both the future and the conditional are constructed by attaching endings directly to the full infinitive (even for irregular verbs, a modified infinitive stem is used). This is a powerful shortcut:

将来时和条件式都是将词尾直接附加在完整的不定式上（不规则动词也使用变体不定式词干）。这是一条强大的捷径：

Future = Infinitive + (é, ás, á, emos, éis, án)

hablaré, comerás, vivirá… Twelve common irregular stems keep these same endings: tener → tendr-, venir → vendr-, poner → pondr-, salir → saldr-, valer → valdr-, poder → podr-, saber → sabr-, haber → habr-, caber → cabr-, querer → querr-, decir → dir-, hacer → har-.

hablaré、comerás、vivirá… 十二个常见不规则词干保留相同的词尾：tener → tendr-、venir → vendr-、poner → pondr-、salir → saldr-、valer → valdr-、poder → podr-、saber → sabr-、haber → habr-、caber → cabr-、querer → querr-、decir → dir-、hacer → har-。

Conditional = Infinitive + (ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían)

The same irregular stems apply: tendría, vendrías, podría… The conditional is often called the ‘future of the past’ and is used for polite requests, reported speech, and hypothetical situations.

同样的不规则词干适用于条件式：tendría、vendrías、podría… 条件式常被称为“过去的将来时”，用于礼貌请求、间接引语和假设情境。

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9. Subjunctive Mood Formulas: Triggers and Structures | 虚拟式公式：触发条件与结构

The subjunctive is not a tense but a mood, activated by specific sentence structures that express doubt, desire, emotion, or uncertainty. The general formula for the present subjunctive is:

虚拟式不是时态，而是一种语气，由表达怀疑、愿望、情感或不确定性的特定句式触发。现在虚拟式的通用公式为：

Regular: stem from ‘yo’ present indicative + opposite vowel (-ar → -e; -er/-ir → -a)

• hablar: hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen
• comer: coma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, coman
• vivir: viva, vivas, viva, vivamos, viváis, vivan

Irregularities in the ‘yo’ form are preserved: tener → tenga, decir → diga, conocer → conozca. Six verbs have truly irregular subjunctive stems: ser (sea), estar (esté), ir (vaya), saber (sepa), haber (haya), dar (dé). The subjunctive is ‘triggered’ by a change of subject in a dependent clause introduced by ‘que’ when the main clause expresses will, influence, or subjective reaction (Quiero que estudies).

“yo”形的不规则性会保留：tener → tenga、decir → diga、conocer → conozca。六个动词拥有完全不规则虚拟式词干：ser（sea）、estar（esté）、ir（vaya）、saber（sepa）、haber（haya）、dar（dé）。当主句表达意愿、影响或主观反应，且从句由 que 引导，主语发生变化时，虚拟式即被触发（Quiero que estudies）。

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10. Imperative Command Formulas | 命令式公式

Affirmative commands use special forms for tú, vosotros, and usted/ustedes. The tú affirmative command is simply the third-person singular of the present indicative (habla, come, vive). Vosotros replaces -r of infinitive with -d (hablad, comed, vivid). Usted/ustedes adopt the corresponding present subjunctive form (hable, hablen). Negative commands for all persons completely mirror the present subjunctive.

肯定命令式中，tú、vosotros 和 usted/ustedes 使用特殊形式。tú 的肯定命令式直接采用现在时陈述式第三人称单数（habla、come、vive）。vosotros 将不定式词尾 -r 替换为 -d（hablad、comed、vivid）。usted/ustedes 则采用相应的现在虚拟式形式（hable、hablen）。所有人的否定命令式全部与现在虚拟式相同。

Pronoun Placement Formula: affirm. command → attach pronoun (¡Hazlo!); neg. command → pronoun before verb (¡No lo hagas!)

• Frequent irregular tú commands: di (decir), haz (hacer), ve (ir), pon (poner), sal (salir), sé (ser), ten (tener), ven (venir).

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11. Object Pronoun Positioning: The Chain Rule | 宾格代词位置：链式法则

Direct (lo, la, los, las) and indirect (me, te, le, nos, os, les) object pronouns follow a strict positional formula. With a conjugated verb, they precede it (Te lo di). With an infinitive, gerund (-ando/-iendo), or affirmative command, they are attached to the end, often requiring a written accent to maintain stress (dártelo, diciéndomelo). When both pronouns appear, indirect precedes direct, and ‘le/les’ changes to ‘se’ before ‘lo/la/los/las’ (Se lo conté).

直接宾语（lo、la、los、las）和间接宾语（me、te、le、nos、os、les）代词遵循严格的位置公式。当动词变位时，它们置于动词前（Te lo di）。当遇到不定式、副动词（-ando/-iendo）或肯定命令式时，它们后附于动词，通常需要加重音符号以保持重音位置（dártelo、diciéndomelo）。两个代词同时出现时，间接在前、直接在后；且“le/les”在“lo/la/los/las”之前须变为“se”（Se lo conté）。

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12. Key Prepositional Formulas: Por vs. Para and More | 关键介词公式：Por 与 Para 等

Por and para are frequently tested; their functions can be distilled into formulaic roles. Por expresses cause, exchange, duration, means of transport/communication, and passive agent (fue escrito por…). Para expresses purpose, destination, deadline, recipient, and comparison (para su edad). A helpful mnemonic: PERFECT for para (purpose, effect, recipient, future point, employment, comparison, toward) and DREEMS for por (duration, reason, exchange, emotion, means, substitution).

Por 和 para 是常考内容，其功能可提炼为公式化角色。Por 表示原因、交换、持续时间、交通/通讯方式以及被动语态的执行者（fue escrito por…）。Para 表示目的、目的地、截止日期、接收者和比较（para su edad）。可借助助记：PERFECT 对应 para（目的 Purpose、效果 Effect、接收者 Recipient、将来时间点 Future point、职业 Employment、比较 Comparison、方向 Toward）；DREEMS 对应 por（持续时间 Duration、原因 Reason、交换 Exchange、情感 Emotion、方式 Means、替代 Substitution）。

Other essential formulas include antes de + infinitive, después de + infinitive, and al + infinitive (= upon doing). The personal ‘a’ must be used before a direct object that is a specific person or pet (Veo a mi amigo).

其他基本公式包括 antes de + 不定式、después de + 不定式，以及 al + 不定式（= 一…就…）。在指人的特定直接宾语前必须使用个人 a（Veo a mi amigo）。

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Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com

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