📚 IGCSE WJEC Psychology: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | IGCSE WJEC 心理学：暑期预习与衔接课程
The summer before an IGCSE WJEC Psychology course is the perfect time to build a strong foundation. Many students think psychology is just common sense, but the subject requires precise terminology, critical evaluation and understanding of research evidence. This bridging guide will help you turn holiday reading into a clear head start.
IGCSE WJEC 心理学课程开始前的暑假是打下扎实基础的理想时间。许多学生认为心理学只是常识，但这门学科需要准确的术语、批判性评价和对研究证据的理解。本衔接指南将帮助你把假期阅读变成清晰的领先优势。
1. Course Overview and Assessment Objectives | 课程概览与考核目标
WJEC IGCSE Psychology is typically split into core topics such as biological psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology and individual differences. You are also assessed on research methods and data handling, which run through every topic.
WJEC IGCSE 心理学通常分为生物心理学、认知心理学、发展心理学、社会心理学和个体差异等核心主题。你还会在研究方法与数据处理方面受到考查，这些内容贯穿每一个主题。
Assessment objectives usually reward knowledge (AO1), application (AO2) and evaluation (AO3). From the first week, label your notes with these three skills instead of just copying definitions.
考核目标通常考查知识（AO1）、应用（AO2）和评价（AO3）。从第一周起，在笔记中标注这三种技能，而不只是抄写定义。
2. The Scientific Method in Psychology | 心理学中的科学方法
Psychology is a science because it uses systematic observation, hypothesis testing and replication. A hypothesis must be falsifiable: if a claim cannot be tested, it is not a scientific hypothesis.
心理学是一门科学，因为它采用系统观察、假设检验和重复验证。假设必须具有可证伪性：如果一个主张无法被检验，它就不是科学假设。
When you read a summer article about a study, ask two questions: What was the independent variable? What was the dependent variable? This habit builds the core skill of operationalising variables.
当你在暑期阅读一项研究的文章时，问自己两个问题：自变量是什么？因变量是什么？这个习惯能培养操作化变量这一核心技能。
3. Research Methods: Variables, Controls and Ethics | 研究方法：变量、控制与伦理
Experiments can be laboratory, field or natural. In WJEC, you need to know the strengths and weaknesses of each, especially control, realism and ethical issues.
实验可分为实验室实验、现场实验和自然实验。在 WJEC 中，你需要了解每种方法的优缺点，尤其是控制程度、真实性和伦理问题。
Ethical guidelines protect participants from harm, deception and lack of consent. Learn the BPS principles and use the word ‘protection’ in evaluation answers.
伦理准则保护参与者免受伤害、欺骗和缺乏知情同意。学习英国心理学会的原则，并在评价类答案中使用 ‘保护’ 一词。
4. Biological Psychology: Brain, Neurons and Behaviour | 生物心理学：大脑、神经元与行为
The nervous system includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. Neurons communicate through electrical impulses and chemical neurotransmitters.
神经系统包括中枢神经系统（大脑和脊髓）以及周围神经系统。神经元通过电冲动和化学神经递质进行信息传递。
A classic biological psychology topic is the role of brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex in aggression or decision-making. Focus on one named study and one criticism, rather than memorising dozens of facts.
生物心理学的一个经典主题是前额叶皮层等脑区在攻击行为或决策中的作用。重点掌握一项具名研究和一个批评点，而不是死记硬背大量事实。
5. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Models and Forgetting | 认知心理学：记忆模型与遗忘
Memory models such as the multi-store model distinguish sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Use the terms capacity, duration and encoding when describing each store.
多存储模型等记忆模型区分了感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆。在描述每个存储库时，使用容量、持续时间和编码这三个术语。
Forgetting can be explained by decay, displacement or interference. A strong evaluation answer contrasts two explanations and links them to practical examples like revising with interruptions.
遗忘可用衰退、替代或干扰来解释。一个有力的评价答案会对比两种解释，并将其与实际例子（如复习时受到干扰）联系起来。
6. Developmental Psychology: Attachment and Early Experience | 发展心理学：依恋与早期经验
Attachment is an emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. Research by Ainsworth identified secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment types using the Strange Situation.
依恋是婴儿与照顾者之间的情感纽带。Ainsworth 的研究通过陌生情境法识别出安全型、不安全-回避型和不安全-反抗型三种依恋类型。
Early experience can affect later relationships, but do not overstate causation. Use phrases such as ‘may increase the risk’ rather than ‘will cause’ to show precision.
早期经验可能影响日后的人际关系，但不要夸大因果关系。使用 ‘可能会增加风险’ 而不是 ‘将导致’ 等表述，以体现准确性。
7. Social Psychology: Conformity, Obedience and Helping | 社会心理学：从众、服从与助人行为
Conformity is a change in behaviour due to group pressure, while obedience involves following a direct order from an authority figure. Keep these concepts separate in exam answers.
从众是指因群体压力而改变行为，而服从涉及听从权威人物的直接命令。在考试答案中要将这两个概念区分开。
Studies such as Asch (1951) and Milgram (1963) are central. For each, learn the procedure, results and one ethical or validity criticism.
Asch（1951）和 Milgram（1963）等研究是核心。对于每项研究，要掌握程序、结果以及一个伦理或效度方面的批评。
8. Individual Differences: Mental Health and Personality | 个体差异：心理健康与人格
This topic covers definitions of mental health, characteristics of disorders such as depression or phobias, and treatments like CBT or drug therapy.
该主题涵盖心理健康的定义、抑郁症或恐惧症等障碍的特征，以及认知行为疗法或药物治疗等方法。
Avoid labelling people as ‘mentally ill’ in your notes. Use person-first language such as ‘a person with depression’ to reflect psychological understanding.
在笔记中避免将人标签化为 ‘精神病患者’。使用 ‘抑郁症患者’ 等以人为本的语言，以体现心理学的理解。
9. Data Handling: Descriptive Statistics and Graphs | 数据处理：描述统计与图表
You need to calculate the mean, median, mode and range. The mean is found by adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores: mean = Σx ÷ n.
你需要计算平均数、中位数、众数和极差。平均数的求法是将所有分数相加再除以分数的个数：平均数 = Σx ÷ n。
Graphs should have labelled axes and a clear title. When interpreting a bar chart or scattergram, always refer back to the variables, not just the shape of the data.
图表应有标注清楚的坐标轴和明确的标题。在解释条形图或散点图时，始终要回到变量本身，而不仅仅是数据的形状。
10. Exam Technique: Command Words and Evaluation | 考试技巧：指令词与评价
Command words matter: ‘describe’ means say what happens, ‘explain’ means give reasons, and ‘evaluate’ means strengths, weaknesses and a judgement.
指令词很重要：’描述’ 表示说出发生了什么，’解释’ 表示给出原因，’评价’ 表示写出优点、缺点并作出判断。
For evaluation questions, use the PEEL structure: Point, Evidence, Explain, Link. More importantly, end with a clear conclusion that answers the question.
对于评价类问题，使用 PEEL 结构：观点、证据、解释、联系。更重要的是，最后要给出明确的结论来回答问题。
11. Summer Study Plan: Timetable and Retrieval Practice | 暑期学习计划：时间表与提取练习
Study in short blocks of 25-30 minutes, then test yourself without notes. Retrieval practice is more effective than re-reading or highlighting.
以 25 到 30 分钟的短时段进行学习，然后不看笔记自测。提取练习比反复阅读或高亮更有效。
Keep a key-term glossary. Each week, add 10 terms and review the previous week’s terms using spaced repetition.
维护一份关键术语表。每周增加 10 个术语，并使用间隔重复法复习前一周的术语。
12. Bridging into the Autumn Term | 衔接秋季学期
In the final two weeks of summer, complete one past paper question under timed conditions. Mark it against the WJEC mark scheme and identify one target for improvement.
在暑期的最后两周，限时完成一道历年真题。对照 WJEC 评分标准进行批改，并确定一个需要改进的目标。
Enter the new term with a one-page summary sheet for each topic. This sheet should contain key studies, key terms and common evaluation points.
进入新学期时，为每个主题准备一页总结纸。该总结应包含关键研究、关键术语和常见评价点。
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