Inflation and Deflation | 通货膨胀与通货紧缩

📚 Inflation and Deflation | 通货膨胀与通货紧缩

Inflation and deflation are two fundamental macroeconomic phenomena that describe changes in the general price level of an economy. In this study guide, we will explore their definitions, causes, measurement, effects, and the policies used to manage them, with a clear focus on the Cambridge IGCSE Economics syllabus.

通货膨胀与通货紧缩是描述经济体整体价格水平变化的两种基本宏观经济现象。在本学习指南中，我们将围绕剑桥IGCSE经济学大纲，深入探讨它们的定义、成因、衡量方法、影响以及应对政策。

1. What Are Inflation and Deflation? | 什么是通货膨胀与通货紧缩？

Inflation is a sustained and persistent rise in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time. This means that, on average, prices increase, causing each unit of currency to buy fewer goods and services.

通货膨胀是指在一段时期内，商品和服务的整体价格水平持续、普遍地上升。这意味着平均价格上升，每单位货币能购买的商品和服务减少。

Deflation is the opposite: a sustained fall in the general price level. Deflation occurs when the rate of inflation becomes negative, so the value of money increases.

通货紧缩则相反：整体价格水平持续下跌。当通货膨胀率为负时，就会出现通货紧缩，货币的购买力上升。

It is also important to distinguish between deflation and disinflation. Disinflation is a reduction in the rate of inflation, not a fall in prices.

同样重要的是区分通货紧缩与”反通胀”（通货膨胀率下降）。反通胀是指通货膨胀率的下降，而不是价格水平的下降。

2. Measuring Inflation | 衡量通货膨胀

In the United Kingdom and many other countries, inflation is measured by the Consumer Prices Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the average change in prices of a representative “basket” of goods and services purchased by a typical household.

在英国和许多其他国家，通货膨胀通过消费者价格指数（CPI）来衡量。CPI追踪一个代表性”一篮子”商品和服务的平均价格变动，这些商品和服务由

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