Year 12 OCR Statistics: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | 12年级OCR统计关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 OCR Statistics: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | 12年级OCR统计关键术语速记指南

Mastering statistical terminology is crucial for success in the OCR Year 12 Statistics course. This guide pairs key terms with simple definitions and memory tricks to help you recall them quickly. Each section breaks down a core topic area, presenting terms in English immediately followed by their Chinese equivalents, so you can learn bilingually or reinforce your understanding. Let’s dive in and build a strong vocabulary foundation for hypothesis testing, probability, distributions, and data analysis.

掌握统计学术语对于在 OCR 12 年级统计课程中取得成功至关重要。本指南将关键术语与简单的定义和记忆技巧相结合，帮助你快速回顾。每个部分分解一个核心主题领域，用英文解释术语后立刻给出对应的中文，这样你可以双语学习或加深理解。让我们开始吧，为假设检验、概率、分布和数据分析打造扎实的词汇基础。

1. Population and Sample | 总体与样本

In statistics, the population is the entire set of individuals or items that we want to study. It can be large or infinite, but we rarely have data for every member.

在统计学中，总体是我们想研究的全部个体或项目的集合。它可能很庞大或无限，但我们很少拥有每个成员的数据。

A sample is a subset of the population, selected to represent the population and draw conclusions about it. The method of selection affects how reliable our inference is.

样本是总体的一个子集，被选出用以代表总体并得出关于总体的结论。选择样本的方法直接影响推断的可靠性。

A parameter is a numerical summary that describes a characteristic of a population, such as the population mean μ or population variance σ². Parameters are usually unknown.

参数是描述总体某一特征的数值概括，例如总体均值 μ 或总体方差 σ²。参数通常是未知的。

A statistic is a numerical summary calculated from a sample, like the sample mean x̄ or sample standard deviation s. We use statistics to estimate parameters.

统计量是从样本计算出的数值概括，例如样本均值 x̄ 或样本标准差 s。我们用统计量来估计参数。

Memory trick: Use the letters to pair them: Population → Parameter (both start with P), Sample → Statistic (both start with S). Think ‘P-P, S-S’.

记忆技巧： 用首字母配对：总体 (Population) → 参数 (Parameter)，样本 (Sample) → 统计量 (Statistic)。记成 “P-P，S-S”。

2. Types of Data | 数据类型

Data are generally classified as categorical (qualitative) or numerical (quantitative). Categorical data record qualities or labels, while numerical data record quantities.

数据通常分为分类（定性）数据和数值（定量）数据。分类数据记录属性或标签，数值数据记录数量。

Within categorical data, nominal data have no natural order (e.g. eye colour, gender), whereas ordinal data have a meaningful order but differences between ranks may not be equal (e.g. satisfaction ratings: poor, fair, good).

在分类数据中，名义数据没有自然的顺序（如眼睛颜色、性别），而顺序数据有意义的顺序，但等级之间的差异不一定相等（如满意度评分：差、中、好）。

Numerical data can be discrete – taking only countable, often integer values (e.g. number of students) – or continuous – taking any value within an interval (e.g. height, weight).

数值数据可分为离散型——只取可数的、通常是整数值（如学生数）——或连续型——可取某一区间内的任意值（如身高、体重）。

Quick tip: Ask ‘Can it be measured or counted?’ to decide continuous vs discrete. Ask ‘Can I order the categories?’ to spot ordinal vs nominal.

快速提示： 问自己“数据是测量得来的还是数出来的？”以区分连续与离散。问“类别可以排序吗？”来区分顺序与名义。

3. Sampling Methods | 抽样方法

A sampling frame is a list of all members of the population, and each individual member is a sampling unit. A good frame is essential to avoid coverage bias.

抽样框是包含总体所有成员的名单，每个单独的成员是抽样单位。一个好的抽样框对避免覆盖偏差至关重要。

Simple random sampling gives every member of the population an

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